HB 

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I 111 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 



DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS 



COAL AND WATER GAS 

PAINT AND VARNISH 

PAPER 

PRINTING TRADES 

RUBBER GOODS 



PREPARED FOR THE 
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE 

BY THE 

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 




Book _ .KS - 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 



DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS 



COAL AND WATER GAS 

PAINT AND VARNISH 

PAPER 

PRINTING TRADES 

RUBBER GOODS 




PREPARED FOR THE 
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE 

BY THE 

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 



o£ 




fr 



V 



* A 



A' 



D7 of 1. 

APR 19 



INDEX 
A 

Page 

Acid maker 24 

Acid maker's helper 24 

Ammonia still operator 15 

Arctic maker. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Artist, lithographic 31 

B 

Back tender T __ 24 

Bank man, linotype and monotype 31 

Barker 24 

Battery man, electro typing 31 

Bead presser 44 

Bead splicer 44 

Bead-wrapping machine operator 44 

Beater man 24 

Beater man's helper 25 

Bench hand. (See Rubber worker, male). 

Bias-cutting machine operator. - 44 

Binder. (See Rubber worker, female.) 
Bleach boiler's helper. (See Rag boiler.) 

Blocker, electro typing 31 

Blocker, photo-engraving. (See Router and blocker). 
Block handler. (See Grinder man.) 
Blow pit man. (See Sulphite cooker.) 

Boiler, linseed oil 18 

Boot and lumberman maker _. 44 

Broke boy. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 
Buffer. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Builder, electro typing. (See Molder.) 
Buttonhole maker. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Button sewer. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

C 

Calendered 25 

Calenderer's helper. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 
Calender girl. (See Laborer, female, paper.) 

Calender hand, rubber goods 44 

Candlepower man 15 

Caser out. (See Rubber worker, male .J 

Caster, electro typing 31 

Caster man, monotype 32 

Charging and discharging machine operator 15 

Checker. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Chemist, gas plant 15 

Chemist, paint and varnish 18 

3 



INDEX 



Chemist, paper 25 

Chilean-mill operator. 18 

Chipper foreman 25 

Chipper man. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

Clinker man 15 

Closer, front. (See Rubber worker, female.) 
Closer-on. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Cloth wrapper, tube 44 

Coat maker, rubber 45 

Collator 32 

Color expert 18 

Color tester, dry colors. 18 

Compositor, job or hand : 32 

Conveyor operator _ 45 

Cook. (See Sulphite cooker.) 
Cook, head. (See Sulphite cooker.) 
Cook's helper. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

Copy editor 32 

Copy holder 32 

Corder and stayer. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Cord pocket builder. 45 

Coucher 26 

Counter 26 

Coverer. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Cracker man. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Cutter, finishing room, paper 26 

Cutter, flat machine _ 32 

Cutter girl. (See Laborer, female, paper.) 

Cutter, rag room 26 

Cutter, rubber goods 45 

Cutter's helper. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

D 

Designer, lithographic _ 33 

Digester man. (See Sulphite cooker.) 

Digester repair man 26 

Distiller, ammonia. (See Ammonia still operator.) 

Drip man 15 

Duck drier operator 45 

Duster man, rag room 26 

E 

Engraver, lithographic . 33 

Etcher, copper 33 

Etcher, photo-engraving 33 

Etcher, zinc ' 33 

Eyeleter. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

F 

Facer. (See Rubber worker, female; Rubber worker, male.) 
Feeder, calender. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Feeder, cutting and creasing machine. (See Rubber worker, 
male.) 



INDEX 5 

Page 

Filer, paint color samples 18 

Filler, cans and barrels 19 

Filterer, varnish, centrifuge 19 

Filterer, varnish, filter press 19 

Finisher, book 34 

Finisher, electro typing 34 

Finisher, engraving 34 

Finisher, paper. (See Sealer.) 
Flap curer. (See Flap presser.) 

Flap presser 45 

Folder, hand, book 34 

Folder, paper. (See Counter.) 

Folder. (See also Rubber worker, female.) 

Folding-machine feeder 34 

Folding-machine operator 35 

Foreman, assistant, paint and varnish 19 

Foreman, assistant, rubber goods 45 

Foreman, bookbinder 35 

Foreman, coal gas 16 

Foreman, electrotyping 35 

Foreman, engraving 35 

Foreman, machine composition 35 

Foreman, paint and varnish 19 

Foreman, press room 36 

Foreman, red lead 19 

Foreman, rubber goods 46 

Foreman, water gas 16 

Formulator, paint colors 20 

Forwarder, book 36 

Furnace man, lead oxide 20 

Furnace tender, red lead 20 

G 

Gaiter maker. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Gatherer, book 36 

General worker, bindery 36 

General worker, female, rubber goods 46 

General worker, male, rubber goods 46 

Glazer, paper. (See Plater man.) 

Grinder man, paper 27 

Grinder, paint 20 

Grinder, white lead 20 

H 

Heater operator. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Heater tender 46 

Heel cutter, machine. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Hooker. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Hose maker, large 46 

Hose maker, small 47 

Hydraulic main man 16 



6 INDEX 

I 

Imposer. (See Stone man.) Page 

Inspector, rag room 27 

Inspector, rubber goods _ . 47 

L. 

Laborer, coal and water gas 16 

Laborer, female, paper 27 

Laborer, male, paper 27. 

Laborer, paint and varnish 21 

Laborer, rubber goods 47 

Lap seamer. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Laster. (See Rubber worker, female; Rubber worker, male.) 

Layer man, paper 27 

Lead blower 21 

Lead setter or stack builder 21 

Legger. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Lime slaker. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

Linotype operator 36 

Litharge-mill operator 21 

Lof tman 28 

M 

Machine tender, paper 28 

Machinist, linotype and monotype 37 

Maker-up 37 

Marbler . . _ . 37 

Melter, pig lead 21 

Melter, \arnish 22 

Miller, paint. (See Grinder, paint; Grinder, white lead.) 
Mill man, rubber. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Mixer, paint 22 

Mixer, rubber 47 

Molder, electrotyping 37 

Molder, rubber goods 47 

Monotype operator 37 

Muffle man __ 22 

O 

Oiler, power house 16 

Operator, engraving. (See Photographer, engraving.) 
Outsoler. (See Rubber worker, female ; Rubber worker, male.) 

P 

Paint maker (shader and tinter) . - 22 

Patcher. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Pattern maker, rubber goods . 47 

Photographer, engraving 38 

Photolithographer 38 

Pit man. (See Press operator.) 

Placer. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Plate grainer 38 



INDEX 



Plate printer 38 

Plater girl, paper 28 

Plater man, paper 28 

Pneumatic tire finisher. (See Tire finisher.) 

Presser, lithopone pigment 22 

Press feeder, cylinder 38 

Press feeder, either platen or cylinder 38 

Press feeder, lithographic 39 

Press feeder, platen 39 

Pressman, cylinder 39 

Pressman, final, lithopone 22 

Pressman, flat stock. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Pressman, lithographic 39 

Pressman, paper. (See Wet machine tender.) 

Pressman, platen 39 

Pressman, rotary lithographic 40 

Pressman, web 40 

Pressman, web, assistant 40 

Press operator, rubber tires 48 

Press tender, paper. (See Wet machine tender.) 

Printer^ general 40 

Proof er, lithographic 40 

Proofer, photo-engraving 40 

Proof reader 41 

Pulp-machine operator 23 

Pump man, gas works 16 

Putty maker 23 

R 

Rag boiler 28 

Rag sorter , 28 

Reel boy 28 

Reetcher 41 

Refiner, linseed oil 23 

Repair man, linotype and monotype. (See Machinist, linotype 
and monotype.) 

Repair man, tire blemish 48 

Rerolling and trimming machine operator _ _- 48 

Retort house results man 16 

Reviser. (See Proof reader.) 

Rewinder 29 

Roller. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Roll skinner. (See Wet machine tender.) 

Router and blocker, photo-engraving 41 

Rubber-belt maker 48 

Rubber worker, female 48 

Rubber worker, male 49 

Ruler, paper making 29 

Ruler, printing 41 

S 

Scrap sorter. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Screen boy. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

Screen man, head 29 



8 INDEX 



Scrubber, gas 17 

Scurfer 17 

Sealer, paper 29 

Sewer, book 42 

Shoemaker, rubber goods 50 

Size maker 29 

Size man 29 

Skiver. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Sole maker 50 

Sorter girl 29 

Spreader 50 

Stain maker 23 

Steel engraver, rubber goods 51 

Stereotyper 42 

Stitcher. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Stitcher, wire 42 

Stock counter. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Stock digger. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 
Stockman. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Stock room girl. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Stone dresser, paint mill. > 23 

Stoneman 42 

Straight jacketer, tube 51 

Strip cutter. (See Rubber worker, female.) 

Stripper and printer, photo-engraving 43 

Stripper, tire 51 

Sulphite cooker i_ 30 

Sulphur burner. (See Acid maker.) 

Supervisor, rubber goods 51 

T 
Tank man. (See Acid maker.) 

Tar dehydrator man, coal gas 17 

Temperer or millman, linseed oil 23 

Test man, laboratory 17 

Thrasher man 30 

Ticket man. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Tire builder, automatic machine 51 

Tire builder, cord 51 

Tire builder, square-woven tire 51 

Tire finisher 52 

Tire stripper. (See Stripper, tire.) 

Top maker. (See Rubber worker, female; Rubber worker, 

male.) 
Topper. (See Rubber worker, male.) 
Towerman. (See Acid maker.) 

Transferrer 43 

Trimmer, book 43 

Trimmer, paper 30 

Tube dumper 52 

Tube-machine operator, bead making 52 

Tube roller . 52 

Tubing-machine operator, hose 52 

Turner-in. (See Rubber worker, male.) 



INDEX 9 

U Page 

Unwrapper, tubes 52 

Upperer. (See Rubber worker, female.) 
Utility man. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

V 

Vamper. (See Rubber worker, female; Rubber worker, 

male.) 
Vamp maker. (See Rubber worker, female.) 
Vat man, bandmade paper 30 

W 

Washer 30 

Washer's helper. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

Washtub man 23 

Water gas helper 17 

Water gas operator 17 

Weigher. (See Rubber worker, male.) 

Wet machine tender 30 



Z 

Zigzag stitcher. (See Rubber worker, female.) 
107361°— 19 2 



« 



CODE WORDS 



Code word. 



Amber. 
Among. 
Ample. 
Anmse . 
Angle . . 
Bead - - 
Beak. _ 
Beat.. . 
Beef... 

Bit 

Blame . 
Blight . 
Bliss... 
Block- . 
Blond. . 
Blot... 
Bold... 
Boom.. 
Braze, _ 
Broke. . 
Bulky.. 
Buss — 
Byway . 
Candor- 
Cane. . . 
Canopy 
Canter . 
Canvas . 
Capper . 
Career . 
Carman 
Carnal . 
Carper . 
Carpet . 
Carrot - 
Carrow. 
Carter . 
Carton . 
Carver . 
Casing . 
Cassia. . 
Castle. . 
Castor. 
Casual. 
Caucus . 
Cavern . 
10 



49 
15 
24 
24 
31 
44 
44 
44 
44 
31 
31 
24 
44 
24 
24 
25 
31 
18 
48 
48 
49 
49 
49 
44 
31 
48 
44 
45 
45 
18 
18 
18 
18 
45 
45 
32 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
26 
32 
15 
15 



Code word. 



Cavity . 
Celery . 
Cellar.. 
Cement 
Censor . 
Census . 
Center. 
Charge . 
Chatty . 
Cheese . 
Cherry . 
Choice . 
Dill... 
Dine — 
Dip... 
Dirk... 

Drip 

Elapse . 
Exile. _ 
Exit... 
Expel. . 
Extra. . 
Fad..-- 
Force. . 
Ford. . . 
Forge. . 
Fork. . 
Fort... 
Found . 
Fount. . 
Fowl.. 
Fox... 
Frail. . . 
Frame . 
Frank. . 
Fray. . . 

Free 

Fresh . . 
Frill. _. 
Frisk. . 
Frock. . 

Frog 

Front. . 
Frost. _ 
Froth- - 
Frown . 



15 
32 
32 
32 
15 
32 
49 
49 
49 
48 
48 
49 
45 
26 
26 
33 
15 
48 
33 
33 
33 
33 
35 
45 
46 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
20 
34 
34 
20 
20 
49 
49 
34 
34 
45 
48 
49 
35 
49 



Code word. 

Froze 

Fruit 

Fry 

Fuel 

Full 

Fume 

Fund 

Fur 

Glove 

Glow 

Glue 

Glum 

Gnarl 

Gnash 

Gnat 

Goad 

Havoc 

Hawk 

Hay 

Haze 

Hazel 

Heart 

Hide 

Ignite 

Ignore 

Liber 

Lick 

Lid 

Liege 

Liken 

Liner 

Lion 

Lip 

Lisp 

List 

Lithe 

Livid . 

Loam 

Lobby . . . 

Local 

Mold 

Mood 

Moody 

Moon 

Moose 

Mop 



CODE WORDS 



11 



Code word. 

Mope 

Moral 

Morn 

Moss 

Moth 

Motor 

Mouth 

Olive 

Onion 

Other 

Packer 

Paddle.... 

Page 

Paid 

Palace 

Paling 

Pallor 

Palm 

Paltry 

Pamper 

Poker 

Pone 

Prop 

Prose 

Prosy 

Proud 

Prove 

Prow 

Prowl 

Proxy 

Prune 

Pry 

Psalm 

Puff 

Puffy 

Pull 

Pulp 

Pulse 

Puma 

Punch 



37 

47 
28 
37 
37 
37 
47 
50 
16 
49 
39 
39 
41 
22 
39 
40 
40 
39 
40 
40 
40 
40 
48 
22 
22 
23 
23 
28 
28 
38 
38 
38 
16 
38 
38 
38 
47 
50 
50 
50 



Code word. 



Puny- . 
Reef. . 
Reek. . 
Rhyme 
Right . 
Rigid - . 
Rigor . 
RilL.- 
Rim. . 
Rind.- 
Ring _ - 
Ripen - 
Risk_- 
Risky . 
Rival. . 
River . 
Rivet . 
Stage . . 
Staid - - 
Stair. - 
Stake. . 
Stalk. . 
Stall... 
Stamp . 
Stand. . 

Star 

Stark . - 
Start . - 
State. . 
Stave . . 

Stay 

Stead . . 
Steam . 
Steed . . 
Stem . . 

Step 

Stern . . 
Stick.. 
Stiff... 
Stile 



39 
41 

41 

28 

48 

48 

50 

28 

28 

29 

29 

48 

23 

48 

49 

16 

41 

51 

51 

23 

23 

29 

29 

50 

50 

50 

29 

50 

50 

49 

17 

29 

51 

29 

49 

51 

50 

17 

49 

50 



Code word. 



Still. _. 
Stilt.. 
Sting . . 
Stint. - 

Stir 

Stoke - 

Tripe. . 

Trove . 

Tryst. . 

Tube. . 

Tuber.. 

Tudor. 

Tuft.. 

Tune... 

Tuner. . 

Tunic. 

Tunis . . 

Tunny . 

Turf. . 

Turn. . 

Tusk. . 

Tutor.. 

Tweed . 

Twill.. 

Twine. . 

Twirl.. 

Undo.. 

Unify.. 

Unto.. 

Value . . 

Vamp.. 

Vapor. . 

Vellum. 

Weave . 

Where . 

Whet.. 

Whig.. 

Whim.. 

Whine. 

Zebra.. 



DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS: COAL AND WATER GAS, 
PAINT AND VARNISH, PAPER, PRINTING TRADES, AND 
RUBBER GOODS 

PREPARED FOR THE U. S. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF 

LABOR STATISTICS 

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 

These descriptions of occupations are based on investigations, in- 
cluding private interviews and correspondence, extending over prac- 
tically the entire United States. 

The outstanding fact developed by these investigations is that 
there are few standard or generally accepted occupational names or 
definitions. It has been necessary, therefore, for the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics to define certain occupational terms and classifications and 
to assume the acceptance of these definitions by those using the 
descriptions. The bureau is fully aware of the fact that some 
important occupations have probably been omitted and that in 
some cases subdivisions may have been carried too far. These faults 
can be corrected only by means of suggestions and criticisms arising 
from the use of the descriptions in filling positions. 

The users of these descriptions are urged to send to the Bureau 
of Labor Statistics all suggestions and criticisms as they arise, so 
that eventually there may be developed a national standard of 
occupational descriptions. 

Acknowledgment 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics wishes to thank all those who have 

contributed to the compilation of these descriptions. So many 

individuals and representatives of various organizations have been 

consulted that it is impossible to make special mention of such 

services. 

13 



PREFATORY STATEMENT 

IMPORTANT 

The objects of these descriptions are to furnish definitions of the various occupa- 
tions, so that specifications for help may be made uniform, and to furnish a means 
by which the prospective employee may be informed as to the nature of the work he 
will be expected to do. 

Each occupation has been described under the most generally accepted title. The 
descriptions have been carefully prepared with the view of stating clearly and briefly 
what each occupation requires in the way of performance and qualifications, so that 
a foreman or employment manager can readily specify the help wanted and can pick 
the worker best fitted to fill the position. 

Without such standard definitions advertisements and appeals from the various 
Government departments or from a central employment agency would lose their 
effectiveness, especially when the recruiting is Nation wide. 

The statement of actual requirements under the heading of " schooling " does 
not have reference to those already working, but should be interpreted to mean that 
no one should enter the specified position at the present time without having the 
equivalent of the stated schooling. " Common school " signifies the completion of 
the common-school course. 

Directions for Using Descriptions and Code Words 

INDEX: In order to find any given occupational description, use the index. 

CODE WORDS: Each description has a code word which, when communicated 
to any person who has access to these descriptions of occupations, will enable him 
to ascertain exactly what is called for by referring to the description indicated by the 
code word. (See Code words.) 

If an employee is wanted who has training sufficient to do work in any two or 
more occupations described, the code words of these descriptions should be com- 
bined to indicate the combination of qualifications ; for example : The code word 
designating an ETCHER, ZINC, and an ETCHER, COPPER (see page 33), would 
be EXPEL-EXTRA. 
14 



COAL AND WATER GAS 

AMMONIA STILL OPERATOR AMONG 

Description: The ammonia still operator distills the crude ammonia liquor with 
lime for the purpose of obtaining the ammonia of commerce. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the various types of stills used in 
making a m monia. He must be able to operate the pump used in pumping 
the liquor into the still and must see that the required temperature is main- 
tained at all times. 

Schooling: Common school. 

CANDLEPOWER MAN CENSOR 

Description: The candlepower man makes tests of the gas for the purpose of 

determining its illuminating value. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the gas photometer or other device 

used for the purpose of determining the intensity of the light from the gas 

flame. He must be able to determine the candlepower of the gas and be able 

to give directions for remedying any defect. 
Schooling: High school. / 

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING MACHINE OPERATOR CAVERN 

Description: The operator of a charging and discharging machine operates the 
controlling devices of the machine for discharging the coke from the retorts 
and recharging them with coal. 

Qualifications : He must know the starting and stopping mechanism, must know 
the control of the feeds, be able to oil all parts, and should be able to make all 
minor adjustments. He must know the proper amount of coal to use in each 
charge and know when the retort should be discharged. 

Schooling: Common school. 

CHEMIST, GAS PLANT CAUCUS 

Description: The chemist in a gas plant has laboratory control of the gas for 

determining the illuminating and heating values and for the determination of 

impurities. 
Qualifications : He should have ability to conduct gas analyses with speed and 

accuracy, determining all constituents, candlepower, and B. t. u. values. 

He should be able to use all varieties of apparatus designed for this type of 

work. 
Schooling: College graduate. 

CLINKER MAN CAVITY 

Description: The clinker man removes the clinkers from the fires in the retorts. 
Qualifications : He must be able to hold a live fire in the generator while remov- 
ing the clinkers from the bottom and sides of the shell. He must then be 
able to drop the fire onto the grates with a minimum loss of fuel and time. 

DISTILLER, AMMONIA. (See Ammonia still operator.) 

DRIP MAN DRIP 

Description: Th'e drip man sees to the condensing and scrubbing of the liquor 
and takes the drip out of the main throughout the entire condensing house 
apparatus. 

Qualifications : He must be able to keep the various condensers, scrubbers, and 
tar separators operating properly. He must see that the gas is run properly 
through the condensers, that the liquor is pumped into the ammonia liquor 
tank and tar still, and that the gas liquor is kept at the proper temperature. 

15 



16 COAL AND WATER GAS 

FOREMAN, COAL GAS FROZE 

Description: The foreman of coal-gas generation supervises the entire process 
of making coal gas. 

Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the different types of 
retorts, scrubbers, and condensing apparatus. He must be able to make all 
minor adjustments and repairs and must have executive ability. 

Schooling: High school. 

FOREMAN, WATER GAS FRUIT 

Description: The foreman of water-gas generation supervises the making of water 
gas. 

Qualifications : He must have a knowledge of the operation of the various water- 
gas generators, condensing and pumping systems, and a thorough knowledge 
of water gas. He must have executive ability. 

Schooling: High school. 

HYDRAULIC MAIN MAN HAZEL 

Description: The hydraulic main man keeps the mains free from the accumula- 
tion of deposits of heavy tar and sees that the proper liquor level is maintained 
at all times. 

Qualifications: He must be able to clean and adjust the tar and liquor over- 
flows, to remove the deposits of tar and pitch that accumulate in the hydraulic 
main, and to keep the ammoniacal liquor at the proper level to prevent the 
escape of the gas while the retort is being charged. 

LABORER, COAL AND WATER GAS LIEEN 

Description: The laborer may be called upon to do any ordinary work that does 
not require skill or training, such as cleaning and assisting. He may have such 
regular work as the operation of the coal crusher and the bucket conveyor for 
transferring coal from the crushers to the bin or for removing ashes from the 
pit to the hopper. He also assists in hauling away ashes. 

Qualifications : Physical strength and endurance, rather than skill or experience, 
are required. 

OILER, POWER HOUSE ONION 

Description : The oiler does cleaning, oiling, and packing on turbine generators, 
exciters, converters, condensers, and pumps. He looks after hot bearings, and 
frequently operates the controlling levers on the engines under the direction 
of the watch engineer. He assists in testing and repairing and may be re- 
quired to do general cleaning in the power house. 

Qualifications : It is desirable that he have experience as an oiler. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PUMP MAN, GAS WORKS PSALM 

Description : The pump man in a gas works operates the pump used for pumping 

the tar and oil and also operates the pipe lines to the railroad cars. 
Qualifications: He should know how to operate the pump and be able to make 

all minor adjustments and repairs. 
Schooling: Common school. 

RETORT HOUSE RESULTS MAN RIVER 

Description: The retort house results man has general supervision of all opera- 
tions in the retort house. 

Qualifications: He must be able to attend to the regular charging of the retorts, 
seeing that the proper amount is put in and that it is properly distributed in 
the retort. He must see that the coke bed is maintained at the proper height 
to obtain the best results, that no clinker or accumulation of carbon is left on 
the walls, and that the proper vacuum is maintained in the foul main. 

Schooling : High school. 



COAL AND WATER GAS 17 

SCRUBBER, GAS STICK 

, Description : The scrubber has charge of the apparatus through which the gas is 
passed to remove the ammonia and other foreign matter. 
Qualifications: He must be able to maintain the gas liquor at the proper tem- 
perature, be able to operate the valves, and see that the liquor is flowing through 
the scrubbers properly. 

SCTJRFER STAY 

Description: The scurfer removes the carbon deposits from the inside walls of 
the retorts and patches or repairs all fractures in the surface of retorts. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the compressed air machine to loosen 
the carbon deposits from the inside walls and be able to use the chisel bars to 
remove pieces that remain fastened to the walls. 

TAR DEHYDRATOR MAN, COAL GAS TUTOR 

Description: The tar dehydrator man operates the still or tar extractor for the 
distillation of the tar and tends to the loading of the tar through pipes into the 
cars. 

Qualifications : He must have a thorough knowledge of the still or tar extractor 
and be able to make all minor adjustments. 

Schooling: Common school. 

TEST MAN, LABORATORY TWILL 

Description : The duties of the laboratory test man in a gas plant are to make tests 

of the gas and by-products. 
Qualifications: He must be able to use the various testing apparatus for deter- 
mining the quality and amount of gas, oil, tar, and ammonia, such as the pho- 
tometer, calorimeter, etc. 
Schooling: Preferably high school. 
Note. — If a man is desired for making any particular test, the name of the test he 
is to make should be added to the code word for "test man." 

WATER-GAS HELPER WHIG 

Description : The duties of the water-gas helper are to operate the generator under 

the direction of the water-gas operator. 
Qualifications : He must be able to operate the air and steam valves, to oil the 

different parts, and to make all minor adjustments and repairs. He must be 

able to keep up the proper amount of steam pressure and have ability to 

handle the clinker men under him. 
Schooling: Common school. 

WATER-GAS OPERATOR . WHERE 

Description: The water-gas operator supervises the operation of the generator 
and directs the work of the clinker men. 

Qualifications : He must be able to understand the working of the machines and 
be able to judge the condition of the generator fire as to temperature and uni- 
formity and as to whether or not the fire is clean or filled with clinkers. He 
must be able to judge as to the amount and pressure of steam to be admitted 
to the generator, whether up or down through fire, the proper temperatures to 
be carried at the different points of the apparatus, and the length of time of 
blasts and runs. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 
107361°— 19 3 



PAINT AND VARNISH 

BOILER, LINSEED OIL BOOM 

Description : The linseed-oil boiler boils linseed oil and regulates the steam in the 

coils and the air that is blown through the oil. 
Qualifications : He must know when the oil has been boiled sufficiently and be 

able to control the heat so that the oil will not boil over. 

CHEMIST, PAINT AND VARNISH CAREER 

Description: The chemist in a paint and varnish mill does laboratory work in 

connection with the analyses of the materials required in the manufacture of 

paints and varnishes and also of the finished products. 

Qualifications : He must have a working knowledge of the different colors and 

vehicles, and a knowledge of varnishes and their manufacture. He should 

be able to analyze the raw or finished materials and to formulate products of 

all kinds, test colors for strength, color, bulk, fineness, and fading, and be 

able to match colors in quantity. He should have a thorough knowledge of 

the chemistry of paints, oils, solvents, thinners, gums, varnishes, colors and 

stains, and a practical experience with the machinery used in their production. 

Schooling: College scientific education; special courses in chemistry. 

CHILEAN-MILL OPERATOR CARMAN 

Description: The Chilean-mill operator manipulates the levers of the Chilean 
mill in which the oxide of lead is ground after coming from the washer. 

Qualifications: He should be able to make all adjustments and minor repairs 
to the mill and must be able to feed the oxide into the mill at the right rate of 
speed. He should be physically fit, should understand the danger of lead 
poisoning, and have sufficient knowledge of such poisoning to protect himself. 

Schooling: Common school. 

COLOR EXPERT CARNAL 

Description : The paint color expert supervises the entire work of the paint-color 
laboratory and carries on various tests and analyses. 

Qualifications : He must be an experienced paint-color chemist, must be able to 
make and to supervise the making of tests, and must be expert in the various 
processes involved in making paints and colors. He must know how to make 
various tests and analyses to determine possible substitutes for the various in- 
gredients. 

Schooling: Graduate chemist preferred. 

COLOR TESTER, DRY COLORS CARPER 

Description: The dry-color tester compares the color samples with a standard in 
order to determine whether they are of the correct shade. 

Qualifications : He must have had experience in the testing of colors and must 
know how to use the various color tests to determine whether the samples are 
of the correct shade. He must have good lungs and should know how to protect 
himself from chemical fumes. He must have good eyesight. 

Schooling : Common school. 

FILER, PAINT COLOR SAMPLES FORQE 

Description: The duties of the paint color sample filer are to index and fde 
samples of the different paint colors. 

Qualifications: He must have had considerable experience in the handling of 
paints and in their manufacture. He must be able to distinguish the different 
colors readily and know how to file them properly. He must have good eyesight, 
have strong lungs, and should know how to protect himself from chemical fumes. 

Schooling: Common school. 

18 



PAINT AND VARNISH 19 

FILLER, CANS AND BARRELS FORK 

Description: The duties of the filler are to fill cans and barrels with paint and 

varnish and weigh the same. 
Qualifications: He must be able to keep records of all the operations, materials 

used, and the amount of production. Men and women are employed. 
Schooling: Common school. 

FILTERER, VARNISH 

Description: The duties of the varnish filterer are to purify the varnish in the 

filter press or in the centrifuge. 
Qualifications: He must understand the use of the testing vial and be able to 

make the proper tests to see that the varnish is perfectly clean and free from 

sediment. He must be able to keep a record of the production and to make 

reports to the head of his department. 
Schooling: Common school. 

FILTERER, VARNISH, CENTRIFUGE FORT 

FILTERER, VARNISH, FILTER PRESS FOUND 

Note. — If a man is desired who can operate both filter press and centrifuge com- 
bine the code words. 

FOREMAN, ASSISTANT, PAINT AND VARNISH ' FOWL 

Description: The assistant foreman in the manufacture of paint and varnish 
works under the direction of the foreman and helps him in the operation and 
maintenance of the department. 

Qualifications: He must have a general knowledge of the processes carried on 
in the department and must have had experience in handling the various 
apparatus used. He should have sufficient knowledge of paint mixtures to 
judge whether proper results are being obtained and should have executive 
ability sufficient to handle the workers under him. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably technical or trade school. 
Note. — In specifying an assistant foreman add the name of the department or 
plant for which he is wanted to the code word for assistant foreman. 

FOREMAN, PAINT AND VARNISH FOUNT 

Description: The foreman in a paint or varnish making plant has complete 
charge of the various operations necessary in the manufacture of paints, 
varnishes, and stains. 

Qualifications: He must have a complete working knowledge of the different 
operations in the making of paint, varnish, and stains and be able to prepare 
the formulas which the melter and stain maker use. He must be able to 
keep a complete record of the operations, material used, and the amount of 
production. He must have ability to handle men. 

Schooling: Com m on school; preferably technical or trade school. 
Note.— In specifying a foreman add the name of the department of the plant for 
which he is wanted to the code word for foreman. 

FOREMAN, RED LEAD FOX 

Description: The red-lead foreman supervises the work in the making of red 
lead. 

Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the operation of the 
Chilean mill, Dutch oven, grinder, red-lead furnace, and separator used in 
the making of red lead and be able to make all minor adjustments and repairs. 
He should be able to keep records of the output of his department and have 
ability to handle men. He should be physically fit and should know how to 
protect himself from lead poisoning. 

Schooling: 'Common school. 



20 PAINT AND VARNISH 

FORMULATOR, PAINT COLORS FRAIL 

Description: The paint-color forinulator compares the paste and liquid paints 
and enamels with the standard of the company for the purpose of determining 
the correct color shade. 

Qualifications: He must know the chemical nature and characteristics of the 
various pigments and oils used at the plant and be able to make such changes 
as will bring any defective paints or enamels up to the proper standard. He 
must have good eyesight and good lungs and should know how to protect 
himself from chemical fumes. 

Schooling: High school. 

FURNACE MAN, LEAD OXIDE FRAY 

Description: The lead oxide furnace man builds and maintains the fires in the 
litharge furnace, charges .the furnace, and roasts and removes the charge. 

Qualifications : He must know how to keep the fire at the correct degree of heat 
and must be able to shovel the tailings of lead oxide, carbonate, and red lead 
into the furnace and draw out the charge when it has been properly roasted. 
He must be a careful worker, and should be able to protect himself from lead 
poisoning. 

FURNACE TENDER, RED LEAD FREE 

Description: The red lead furnace tender fills the Dutch oven with the oxide 
of lead and builds the fires for the oven and grinder. 

Qualifications: He must be able to maintain the proper degree of heat in the 
oven and grinder and be able to secure test samples of the oxide of lead for 
the laboratory while it is being heat treated. He must keep records of the 
operations and of the amount of materials used. He should be able to protect 
himself from lead poisoning and must be physically fit. 

Schooling: Common school. 

GRINDER, PAINT GLUE 

Description: The paint grinder operates the shutter of the chute leading from 
the mixer to the grinder, and runs the grinding machine. 

Qualifications: He must be able to keep records and make reports of the pro- 
duction to the foreman. He should be able to tell when the grinding machine 
is not working properly. He must have strength and should be able to protect 
himself against chemical fumes. 

Schooling: Common school. 

GRINDER, WHITE LEAD GOAD 

Description: The grinder has charge of the mills, feed pumps, separating appa- 
ratus, bolting screens, etc. 

Qualifications: He should be an expert miller, should understand all the 
machinery in his charge, and should be able to keep it running properly. 
"Considerable experience is required. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 



PAINT AND VARNISH 21 

LABORER, PAINT AND VARNISH LION 

The following occupations are included as laborers: 

Barytes grinder. Pig lead melter's helper. 

Can crimper. Pressman, linseed. 

Can solderer. Red lead furnace tender's helper. 

Code number stamper. Red lead separator. 

Disintegrator feeder. Reel charger and discharger. 

Heading-up machine man. Shoveler. 

Large can paste filler. Thrasher or wet-mill operator. 

Lead sprinkler. Trimmer or packer, linseed cake. 

Lithopone charger. Varnish and stain packer. 

Lithopone fireman. Varnish melter's helper. 

Lithopone leacher. Wash tub man's helper. 

Lithopone mill man. White lead filterer. 

Lithopone pigment presser's helper. Other unskilled workers. 
In specifying a worker for any of the occupations in this group, use the code word 
for "laborer." 

Description: The laborer does such work as cleaning, trucking, shoveling, load- 
ing, and such work as is indicated by the occupational name, or other work that 

does not require a long period of training. 
Qualifications: This type of work requires a strong man who is in good health 

and who is willing to work in a paint and varnish plant. 
Schooling: Common school is desirable. 

LEAD BLOWER LIP 

Description: The lead blower operates the motor pump and chain elevator to 
carry the oil and pig lead into the blower furnace. He also operates the blower 
furnace. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the machinery and make all repairs; 
must be able to operate the compressed-air machine for blowing the melted lead 
into fine dust; must be able to keep records of all operations and of the quantity 
of material used; must be physically fit and able to stand the noise of the blow- 
ing of the lead; and should be able to protect himself from lead poisoning. 

Schooling : Common school. 

LEAD SETTER OR STACK BUILDER LIST 

Description: The lead setter fills the corroding pots with acid and buckles, 
arranges the pots in the stacks, covers them with boards and tan bark, and 
arranges the flues. 

Qualifications: This work requires training and practice. 

LITHARGE-MILL OPERATOR LISP 

Description: The litharge-mill operator supervises the running of the electric 
motor of the mill and operates the bucket elevator which carries the litharge 
from the hopper into the feed of the mill. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the motor and elevator and &o pack 
the ground litharge into barrels. He should be physically strong and should 
be a careful worker, as there is a possibility of lead poisoning. 

MELTER, PIG LEAD MOLD 

Description: The pig lead melter operates the melting furnace and buckle- 
casting machine. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the valve wheels in the interior of the 
melting furnace, be able to operate the buckle-casting machine, and be able 
to keep a record of the material used. He must be physically fit, be able to 
endure the noise, and should be able to protect himself from the fumes and 
dust from the lead. 

Schooling: Common school. 



22 PAINT AND VARNISH 

MELTER, VARNISH MOOD 

Description: The varnish melter cooks the resin and oils in the varnish kettel 
and pumps the finished product into the storage tank. 

Qualifications: He must be able to make tests of the compound to determine 
whether the ingredients have been sufficiently cooked so that they will not 
separate on cooling. He must be able to operate the motor-driven pump for 
pumping the liquid from the kettle into the tank, be able to make minor adjust- 
ments, and know when the pump is not working properly. He must be 
able to keep records of the operations and render reports to the superintendent. 
He should be physically strong. 

Schooling: Common school. 

MILLER, PAINT. (See Grinder, paint; Grinder, white lead.) 

MIXER, PAINT MOODY 

Description: The paint mixer operates the mixer for the proper mixing of the 
various pastes and liquids used in making paint. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the electric pump and the levers and 
controlling devices of the mixer and to mix the pastes and Liquids in the 
proper quantities according to the given formula. He must be physically 
strong, be able to stand the paint odors, and be able to keep records of all 
operations, materials used, and the amount of mixed paint produced. 

Schooling: Common school. 

MUFFLE MAN MOON 

Description: The duties of the muffle man are to tend the muffle furnace for 

baking the lithopone cake. 
Qualifications: He must be able to read the pyrometer and to keep the fire at 

the proper temperature. He must be able to keep records of his production, 

and should be physically fit. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PAINT MAEER (SHADER AND TINTER) PAID 

Description: The paint maker supervises the mixing and grinding of the colors 

and oil. 
Qualifications: He should be able to use a formula and to vary the formula, if 

necessary, because of nonuniformity of ingredients used. 

PRESSER, LITHOPONE PIGMENT PROSE 

Description: The lithopone pigment presser runs the lithopone acid from the 
storage tank into the raw pigment press tub, mixing it with another acid. 

Qualifications: He must be physically fit, must know the proper amount of 
ingredients to use, and know when the mixture has been properly baked. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PRESS MAN, FINAL, LITHOPONE PROSY 

Description: The final press man operates the motor pumps for pumping the 

lithopone liquid from the screen washtub into the press. 
Qualifications : He should be able to operate the controlling devices of the pump 

and be able to make all minor adjustments. He must be able to keep records 

of the production, and should be physically fit. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PAINT AND VARNISH 23 

PULP-MACHINE OPERATOR PROUD 

Description: The pulp-machine operator operates the pulp machine and rolling 
machine for mixing the lead and oil and for grinding it. 

Qualifications : He must know the proper amount of lead and oil to mix together 
be able to operate the controlling devices of the pulp machine and the rolling 
machine, and be able to make all minor repairs and adjustments to same. 
He must be able to keep records of the oil and lead used. He should be physi- 
cally strong and should be able to protect himself from lead poisoning. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PUTTY MAKER PROVE 

Description: The putty maker operates the putty mill in the manufacture of 

putty. 
Qualifications: He must have a knowledge of the proper proportions of linseed 

oil and whiting to be used and know when the putty has been reduced to 

the proper consistency. He must be able to operate the controlling devices 

of the mill. 
Schooling: Common school. 

REFINER, LINSEED ODL RISK 

Description: The linseed-oil refiner refines linseed oil by washing it with acid 

and with water and by filtering it. 
Qualifications: He must be able to tend the apparatus and to test the oil for 

acid. He should have had experience in this kind of work. 
Schooling: Common school. 

STAIN MAKER STAIR 

Description: The stain maker prepares the various stains. 

Qualifications : He must be able to maintain the proper steam heat, be able to 
make the proper tests, matching the samples with a standard to see that it 
has the proper color, know when it has been properly cooked, be able to pump 
away the finished product, to operate the steam boilers, and to regulate the 
flow of steam. He must be able to keep records of the temperature, of amount 
of materials used, and of the production. He must be physically strong. 

Schooling: Common school. 

STONE DRESSER, PAINT MILL STAKE 

Description: The stone dresser resurfaces the stones of the paint mill and puts 
a grinding surface on new stones. 

Qualifications: He must be able to use the pneumatic tools for roughing and 
finishing stone, be able to read drawings, and work to templates; must under- 
stand leveling and truing stone and be able to make it ready for the mill. He 
should have served an equivalent to an apprenticeship as a stone cutter. 

Schooling: Common school. 

TEMPERER OR MILLMAN, LINSEED OIL TWEED 

Description: The temperer tends the crushing rolls and the flaxseed cooker. 
Qualifications : He must be able to operate all the machinery used in this opera- 
tion and to regulate the cooker properly. 

WASHTUB MAN WEAVE 

Description: The washtub man supervises the pumping of the lead or litho- 
pone liquid from the thrasher or wet mill into the washtub, mixing it with 
water and draining off the washed material from the tub into the heater. 
Qualifications: He must have some knowledge of the compressed air machine 
used in agitating the materials in the washtub, must h?ve ability to handle 
men, and be able to keep records of the number of washes that he makes. 
He should be physically fit and be able to work in a damp atmosphere. There 
is some danger of lead poisoning. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PAPER 

ACID MAKER AMPLE 

Description: The acid maker superintends the manufacture of the sulphurous 

acid used in the mill. 
Qualifications : He must know how to operate the various types of furnaces used 

for burning the sulphur. He must be able to combine the sulphurous acid 

with the milk of lime, making the product uniform and of the proper quality. 

He should have ability to handle men. 
Schooling: High school; preferably some technical training. 

ACID MAKER'S HELPER AMUSE 

Description: The acid maker's helper assists the acid maker in making the acid 
used in the mill, having charge of firing the sulphur furnace and filling acid 
towers with limestone. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the furnaces used for burning the 
sulphur and to combine the acid with milk of lime under the direction of the 
acid maker. He must be able to detect dirt in sulphur, to judge limestone, 
and be able to distinguish hard stone from soft. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 

BACK TENDER BLIGHT 

Description: The back tender assists the machine tender in the operation of the 
paper-making machine, seeing to the proper drying of the paper, calendering, 
reeling, rewinding, etc. 

Qualifications: He should have a thorough knowledge of the operation of the 
various types of paper-making machines and be able to make tests of the paper 
to see that it is of the required weight. He must be able to make all minor 
adjustments and repairs to the machine and have strength and endurance. 

Schooling: Common school. 

BARKER BLOCK 

Description: The barker feeds the blocks of wood into the "tumbler" or "barker" 
for the purpose of removing the bark. 

Qualifications : He must have a knowledge of the barking machinery, also of 
barker knives and their proper grinding, and must know the barking qualities 
of the different grades of wood. He must be able to make all minor adjust- 
ments to the machines. 

Schooling: Common school. 

BEATER MAN BLOND 

Description: The beater man superintends the operation of the beating and 
coloring of the paper stock and has charge of the men in his department. 

Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the raw materials and 
the processes involved in their conversion into paper, and must be able to 
add the proper amount of filler and size, if the paper is to be engine sized. 
He must understand the mixing of the dyes used in paper making. He must 
know when the pulp has been sufficiently treated. He should have good 
eyesight , color sight, and ability to handle men. 

Schooling: High school; preferably technical graduate. 
24 



PAPEK 25 

BEATER MAN'S HELPER BLOT 

Description : The beater man's helper fills the beater engine with the rag stock 
or wood pulp, putting in the proper chemicals, and assists the beater man 
in the operation of the beater engine. 

Qualifications: He must understand the various types of beater engines used 
and know when the pulp has been sufficiently treated. He must have physical 
' strength and endurance. 

Schooling: Common school. 

BLEACH BOILER'S HELPER. (See Rag boiler.) 
BLOCK HANDLER. (See Grinder man.) 
BLOW PIT MAN. (See Sulphite cooker.) 
BROKE BOY. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

CALENDERER CARTER 

Description : The calenderer operates the calender rolls to smooth or polish the 
surface of the paper. 

Qualifications : He should have a thorough knowledge of the calender machine 
and be able to make all minor repairs. He must exercise care to make the 
paper pass between the rolls properly. He should have strength and endur- 
ance and ability to handle men. 

Schooling: Common school. 

CALENDERER'S HELPER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 
CALENDER GHtL. (See Laborer, female, paper.) 

CHEMIST, PAPER CARTON 

Description : The chemist makes analyses of all raw materials entering into the 
manufacture of pulp and paper. He supervises tests on acids, pulp, and 
paper. He also has technical control of the processes, such as bleaching, 
cooking, acid making, sizing, etc. 

Qualifications: He must have research ability to solve the various problems 
as they arise in the manufacture of pulp and paper. He must be able to make 
the various tests of the finished product for strength, sizing, absorbency, etc. 
He should have good eyesight and ability to handle men. 

Schooling: College graduate, with special training in analytical, organic, and 
research chemistry. 

CHIPPER FOREMAN CARVER 

Description : The chipper foreman superintends the chipping of the wood in the 
chipper. 

Qualifications : He must be able to distinguish all the different kinds of wood 
and have a thorough knowledge of knife grinding and saw filing. He must 
see that the bark has been properly removed in the barker and be able to 
make all minor adjustments or repairs to the machines. He must have ability 
to handle men. 

Schooling! Common school; preferably some technical training. 

CHIPPER MAN. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

COOK. (See Sulphite cooker.) 

COOK, HEAD. (See Sulphite cooker.) 

COOK'S HELPER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 
107361°— 19 4 



26 PAPER 

COUCHER CASING 

Description : The coucher turns the mold over after the deckle has been removed 
by the vat man, pressing it against a sheet of felt so that the wet sheet of paper 
adheres to the felt, making a pile or "post" of the sheets thus formed con- 
sisting of wet sheets alternated with felt, and subjecting the pile to a heavy 
pressure in order to remove the water. 

Qualifications : He must be a quick and careful worker, be able to operate the 
hydraulic or other press and to make all adjustments. 

Schooling: Common school. 

COUNTER, CASSIA 

Description: The counter counts the sheets of paper into lots of 12, 24 or more 

sheets. 
Qualifications: She must have speed, accuracy, strength, and dexterity. Girls 

are usually employed. 
Schooling: Common school. 

CUTTER, FINISHING ROOM, PAPER CASTOR 

Description: The cutter in the finishing room supervises the cutting of the rolls 

of paper coming from the calenders. 
Qualifications: He must be able to set the knives for the different sizes, make 

adjustments, sharpen the knives, and make all minor repairs to the machine. 

He should have strength, endurance, and ability to handle the helpers on the 

machine. 
Schooling: Common school. 

CUTTER GIRL. (See Laborer, female, paper.) 

CUTTER, RAG ROOM CASTLE 

Description: The cutter in the rag room feeds the rags into the mechanical rag 
cutters, where they are cut into small pieces. 

Qualifications : He must be able to grind the cutter knives and set them in the 
machine and be able to take the cutter apart for the purpose of making slight 
repairs and for grinding. This work requires strength, endurance, and care. 

Schooling: Common school. 

CUTTER'S HELPER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

DIGESTER MAN. (See Sulphite cooker.) 

DIGESTER REPAD3, MAN DINE 

Description: The digester repair man inspects and repairs the digesters. 
Qualifications: He must understand steam pressure and its danger and be able 
to judge steel plate and rivets. He should have a knowledge of the expansion 
and contraction of steel plate and rivets, should understand cement and brick- 
work, and have ability to handle men. 
Schooling: Common school. 

DUSTER MAN, RAG ROOM DIP 

Description: The duster man operates the rag willow or duster to remove the 

loose dirt from the rags and open up the fibers so that the chemicals used in 

bleaching can better penetrate and act upon them. 
Qualifications : He must have a knowledge of the mechanical duster used and be 

able to make all minor adjustments and repairs to the machinery. 
Schooling: Common school. 

FINISHER. (See Sealer.) 



PAPER 27 

FOLDER. (See Counter.) 
GLAZER. (See Plater man.) 

GRINDER MAN GNARL 

Description: The grinder man places the blocks of -wood into the "pockets" of 
a heavy cast-iron frame incasing a large, rapidly revolving grindstone. 

Qualifications : He must be able to keep the grinders and stones in proper con- 
dition and to keep a stream of water playing against the face of the grindstone 
so that the wood will not burn as it is pressed against the stone by hydraulic 
pressure. 

Schooling: Common school. 

INSPECTOR, RAG ROOM IGNORE 

Description: The inspector examines the work of the rag sorters for the purpose 
of finding any buttons, rubber, or other foreign matter overlooked by the rag 
sorters. 

Qualifications: The inspector must have good eyesight and color sight and be 
quick and alert. Women are employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 

LABORER, FEMALE, PAPER LIBER 

The following occupations are included as female laborers: Calender girl, Cutter 
girl, other unskilled workers. 

In specifying a worker for any occupation in this group use the code word for 
"laborer, female." 

Description : The female laborer does such work as feeding paper into the calender 
machine, tending the box of the cutter machine, and other unskilled work that 
does not require a long period of training. 
Qualifications: Girls over 16 years of age are generally employed. They must be 
healthy, alert, and strong. 

LABORER, MALE, PAPER LICK 

The following occupations are included as male laborers: Broke boy, Calenderer's 
helper, Chipper man, Cook's helper, Cutter's helper, Lime slaker, Screen boy, Stock 
digger, Washer's helper, other unskilled workers. 

In specifying a worker for any occupation in this group use the code word for 
"laborer, male." 

Description : The laborer does such work as picking up the spoiled paper, clean- 
ing screens on paper machines, putting cores on the reels, taking rolls of paper 
off the machine, digging "half stuff" out of the drainers, and other unskilled 
work that does not require a long period of training. 
Qualifications: This type of work requires strength rather than skill or experi- 
ence, the necessary experience being acquired in a few days. 

LAYER MAN • LID 

Description: The layer man separates the moist sheets of paper from the felts, 
putting the sheets through the press again to remove all water. 

Qualifications: He must be a quick and careful worker, able to operate a hy- 
draulic or other press, and to make all minor repairs to the press. 

Schooling: Common school. 

LIME SLAKER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 



28 PAPER 

LOFTMAN LIEGE 

Description: The loftman hangs the wet paper coming from the paper machine 

on poles or cords in the loft for the purpose of drying. 
Qualifications : He must be a careful worker, be able to hang and pull the paper 

properly, and be able to regulate the amount of heat for drying. He should 

have strength and endurance. 
Schooling: Common school. 

MACHINE TENDER, PAPER MORN 

Description : The machine tender has charge of the operation of the paper machine 

which converts the prepared paper stock into paper. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the paper-making machine and be 

able to make all minor repairs to the wire and other parts of the machine. 

He must have strength and endurance and ability to handle men. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 

PLATER GHtL PROW 

Description : The plater girl makes up piles, or books, of alternate layers of the 

sized sheets of paper and plates made of zinc or copper. 
Qualifications : She must be a careful worker to prevent wrinkling of the sheets 

of paper, and must have speed and dexterity. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PLATER MAN PROWL 

Description: _ne plater man receives the books of paper from the plater girl, 
passing them through the plate-glazing calender several times. 

Qualifications : He must exercise care to make the paper pass between the rolls 
of the calender properly. He should have a thorough knowledge of the cal- 
ender machine and be able to make all adjustments and minor repairs. He 
should have strength and endurance. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PRESS MAN. (See Wet machine tender.) 
PRESS TENDER. (See Wet machine tender.) 

RAG BOILER RILL 

Description: The rag boiler packs the rags into the rag boiler for boiling in lime 
or other chemicals to remove grease, starch, size, or other foreign substances. 

Qualifications : He should understand the various types of boilers, such as rotary 
stationary boilers, and be able to make all necessary minor repairs. He must 
have strength and endurance. 

Schooling: Common school. 

RAG SORTER RIM 

Description: The rag sorter grades the rags, as they come from the thrasher 
machine, according to their color, condition, quality, and material, removing 
all buttons, rubber, and other foreign matter, using a scythe-shaped knife 
fastened to the sorting table to cut the rags. 

Qualifications: She must have good eyesight, be quick and alert, and have 
good color sight. Women are always employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 

REEL BOY RHYME 

Description: The reel boy helps take the paper over the paper machine, putting 

the cores on the reels and taking off the rolls of paper. 
Qualifications: He should have had experience as a broke boy. He must be 

active and willing to obey orders. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PAPER 29 

REWINDER RIND 

Description: The rewinder supervises the rewinding of the paper, cutting il 

into various sizes. 
Qualifications: He must be an active and rapid worker. 
Schooling: Common school. 

ROLL SKINNER. (See Wet machine tender.) 

RULER, PAPER RING 

Description : The ruler operates a pen or disk ruling machine for the purpose of 

ruling the paper, either "faint-line" or "struck." 
Qualifications : He must be able to make all adjustments and all minor repairs 

to his machine. , He should have strength and dexterity. 
Schooling: Common school. 

SCREEN BOY. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

SCREEN MAN, HEAD STALL 

Description: The screen man ha3 charge of the sieves or screens through which 

the pulp passes as it comes from the grinders. 
Qualifications: He must be quick and alert and see that the screens are working 

properly. He must have some mechanical ability and understand the various 

parts of the machine he is working. 
Schooling: Common school. 

SEALER STALK 

Description: The sealer ties, seals, and wraps the paper in packages for the 

trade after it has been cut to the proper size. 
Qualifications: He must know the various grades of paper and be able to turn 

out neat work. He must have strength and dexterity to handle the rolls and 

packages of paper. 
Schooling: Common school. 

SIZE MAKER STARK 

Description : The size maker prepares the sizing for the beaters and the machines. 
Qualifications: He must thoroughly understand the making of the various rosin, 

starch, and animal sizes. He should have strength and endurance. 
Schooling: Common school. 

SIZE MAN STEAD 

Description : The size man has charge of the vat or trough containing the hot size 

solution. 
Qualifications: He must be quick and alert, taking care that the paper is not 
wrinkled in passing through the squeezing rollers to remove the surplus size. 
Schooling : Common school . 

SORTER GntL STEED 

Description : The sorter girl inspects the sheets of paper for wrinkled and soiled 
sheets and those that do not come up to the required standard of the mill. 

Qualifications: She must have good eyesight and color sight, and know the 
different grades of paper produced in the mill. She should be quick and 
alert. 

Schooling: Common school . 

STOCK DIGGER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 



30 PAPER 

SULPHITE COOKER STILL 

Description : The sulphite cooker has charge of the cooking of the pulp in the 

digester. 
Qualifications : He must know how to keep the temperature and pressure charts. 
He must be able to tell when the pulp has been properly cooked and should 
understand thoroughly the different parts of the machine, making an examina- 
tion of the inside of the shell of the digester after the pulp has been blown out, 
to see that no injury is taking place to the lining. He must be able to make 
all minor repairs to the digester. He should have strength and endurance. 
Schooling: High school; preferably technical training. 
SULPHUR BURNER. (See Acid maker.) 
TANK MAN. (See Acid maker.) 

THRASHER MAN TWINE 

Description: The thrasher man opens the bales of rags, weighs the tare, and 

throws the rags into, the hopper of the thrashing machine. 
Qualifications: He should have good eyesight, and have physical strength and 

endurance. 
Schooling: Common school. 
TOWER MAN. (See Acid maker.) 

TRIMMER, PAPER TWTOL 

Description: The trimmer operates the trimming press, trimming the paper to 

the proper size. 
Qualifications: He must have a knowledge of the different grades, sizes, and 
weights of paper. He must know how to operate the trimming press, be able 
to sharpen the trimming knives, and to make all minor repairs. He should 
have strength and endurance. 
Schooling: Common school. 
VAT MAN, HANDMADE PAPER VALUE 

Description: The vat man dips the mold, or tray, with wire-cloth bottom, into 
the vat containing pulp mixed with a quantity of water, taking up some of the 
pulp and shaking the traygentlytoproduceafeltingorinterlacingofthefibers. 
Qualifications: He must be quick and alert. He must exercise great care in 
shaking the mold in order that the sheets may not vary beyond reasonable 
limits as to their substance, strength, and thickness. 
Schooling: Common school. 
WASHER WHET 

Description: The washer supervises the washing and bleaching of the stock in 
the engine and keeps a record of the amount and grade of rags that are processed 
by him. 
Qualifications: He must know all the different grades of rags used in paper 
making; and be able to tell when the rags have been washed long enough and 
the fibers are properly drawn out for bleaching. He should know the proper 
amount of chloride of lime or bleaching powder to use and know something 
of the various processes of paper making. He must be able to superintend the 
process of washing. 
Schooling: Common school ; preferably high school. 
WASHER'S HELPER. (See Laborer, male, paper.) 

WET MACHINE TENDER WHINE 

Description: The wet machine tender operates the wet machine, removing the 

sheets, or "laps," of pulp forming on the press rolls. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the mechanism of the wet machine. 
He must be able to cut the pulp from the roll by the use of a sharp-pointed 
wooden pin, by passing the point under the sheet close to the wood roll, acrosB 
the face of the roll, rolling the sheet of pulp onto a table, after which it is 
weighed. He must be quick and alert and be able to handle men. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 

ARTIST, LITHOGRAPHIC ANGLE 

Description: The lithographic artist reproduces the design which has been 
created by the designer. 

Qualifications : He must be able to select the colors necessary to give the 
best possible reproduction of the subject, to indicate the exact character 
of negative necessary for a given result, and to take charge of the proving 
of his plates, both as to quality and chai*acter of color. He should have 
a general knowledge of the chemicals used and know their actions on the 
stone. 

Schooling: High school. 

BANK MAN, LINOTYPE AND MONOTYPE BOLD 

Description: The bank man proofs type, makes corrections, inserts head- 
ings, and makes up type into galleys. 
Qualifications: He must know the various sizes of type and styles of type 
faces. He must be experienced in justification, correcting, and make-up. 
He should be able to set up any straight or display matter, special forms, 
and tabular work. 
Schooling: Common school. 

BATTERY MAN, ELECTROTYPING BIT 

Description: The battery man operates the dynamo or other apparatus 
used in electrotyping for depositing a thin shell of copper on the electro- 
type plate. 
Qualifications: He should be able to mix the solutions and be able to keep 
them up to the proper standard. He should have a thorough knowledge 
of the operation of the dynamo, have a knowledge of electricity, and 
know something about the chemicals used. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably technical high school. 

BLOCKER, ELECTROTYPING BLAME 

Description: The blocker fastens the electrotype plates to the wooden 

blocks. 
Qualifications: He must be able to use the various woodworking tools and 

be able to shave the blocks to the proper thickness so that the plates 

when fastened to the blocks will be type high. 
Schooling: Common school. 

BLOCKER, PHOTO-ENGRAVING. (Sec Router and blocker.) 

BUILDER, ELECTROTYPING. (See Molder.) 

CASTER, ELECTROTYPING CANE 

Description: The caster pours the molten metal over the form for the pur- 
pose of making the electrotype plate. 

Qualifications: He must be able to make the proper solution of the zinc 
oxide and know how to apply it to the shell. He should know how to 
tin the shell and know when it has been properly tinned. He should be 
able to pour the metal and be able to maintain the proper temperature of 
the metal. 

Schooling: Common school. 

31 



32 PRINTING TRADES 

CASTER MAN, MONOTYPE CASUAL 

Description: The monotype caster man places the perforated roll into the 
caster and operates the casting machine and air compressor for tho 
casting and setting of monotype. 
Qualifications: He should know the name, care, and use of the principal 
parts of his machine and be able to make all adjustments necessary for 
the completion of any given job. He should be able to adjust the roll 
into the machine properly and have a detailed knowledge of the metals 
used for casting monotype. 
Schooling: Common school. 

COLLATOR CELERY 

Description: The collator arranges the signatures in proper order after 

they have been gathered. 
Qualifications: She must be a careful worker, examining the paging to see 
that the leaves are in proper order and that nothing is missing or defec- 
tive. She must have good eyesight and be quick and active. 
Schooling: Common school. 

COMPOSITOR, JOB OR HAND CELLAR 

Description: The hand compositor sets type and makes all corrections after 

the proof has been read by the proof reader. 
Qualifications: He must know the various sizes of type and styles of type 
faces. He must be familiar with ordinary hand typesetting, experienced 
in justification, correcting, and " make-up," and have a general knowledge 
of presswork and the principles of design and color harmony. He should 
be able to set up any straight or display matter, special forms, and 
tabular work. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 

COPY EDITOR CARROW 

Description: The copy editor prepares copy for printing by preparing dis- 
play lines, indicating types to be used, spacing, indentations, and casting 
of tabular matter, and otherwise marking the copy so as to secure uni- 
formity of product. 

Qualifications: He must have a good general knowledge of the processes 
used in printing, must know type sizes and styles, and printing measure- 
ments. He should have a thorough knowledge of English and must be 
familiar with proof readers' marks. 

Schooling: Common school. 
COPY HOLDER CEMENT 

Description: The £ppy holder reads the copy for the proof reader for com- 
parison with the proof. 

Qualifications: He should have good eyesight, the habit of concentration, 
and clear enunciation. He should have a good general knowledge of the 
English language. Women are sometimes employed. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 
CUTTER, FLAT MACHINE CENSUS 

Description: The flat machine cutter operates the machine for cutting and 
trimming the paper to the desired size, in a pressroom and also in the 
bindery. 

Qualifications: He must know the name, care, and use of the principal 
parts of his machine, be able to make all minor repairs, and to sharpen 
the knives. He must be able to make the arithmetical computations ac- 
curately and rapidly. 

Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 33 

DESIGNER, LITHOGRAPHIC DIRK 

Description: The designer creates the designs which are to be repro 
duced by the lithographic and photolithographic processes. 

Qualifications: He must be able to draw the design so that it can be easily 
handled and must have a knowledge of the technical requirements of the 
process. He should have a knowledge of the effects of the different 
colors and be skilled in free-hand drawing. 

Schooling: High school. 

ENGRAVER, LITHOGRAPHIC EXILE 

Description: The engraver reproduces designs on stone or other material 

by use of engravers' tools. 
Qualifications: He must understand the formation and character of the dif- 
ferent styles of lettering, have a general knowledge of the entire process 
of lithography, and know the effects of the various colors on different 
kinds of paper. He should have a general knowledge of the chemicals 
used and know their actions on the stone. 
Schooling: High school. 

ETCHER, COPPER EXPEL 

Description: The copper etcher gives a sufficient printing depth to copper 

plates by the process of etching. 
Qualifications: He must be able to prepare the copper plates for etching, 

to prepare for and make the print on the sensitized metal, to prepare the 

chemicals, and to perform the process of etching. It is desirable that he 

have a general knowledge of photography. 
Schooling: Common school. 

ETCHER, PHOTO-ENGRAVING EXIT 

Description: The etcher cements the developed film or negative to a glass 
plate after it has been stripped from the original plate, prepares the metal 
plate and gives it an acid bath to complete the process of etching. 
Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the preparation of 
metal plates for etching; of the preparation for and the making of the 
print on the sensitized metal surface ; of the preparation of the chemicals 
for etching; of the process of etching; and have a general knowledge of 
photography. 
Schooling: High school, special courses in free-hand drawing, and a knowl- 
edge of chemistry. 

ETCHER, ZINC EXTRA 

Description: The zinc etcher prepares the plate, furnished to him by the 
stripper and printer, with an acid-resisting powder and then etches it 
with a bath of diluted nitric acid. <: 
Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the preparation of 
the zinc plates for etching ; of the preparation for and the making of the 
print on the sensitized metal surface ; of the preparation of the chemicals 
for etching ; of the process of etching ; and have a general knowledge of 
photography. He should be able to operate an etching machine. 
Schooling: High school; special courses in free-hand drawing. 



34 PRINTING TRADES 

FINISHER, BOOK FRAME 

Description: The book finisher smooths out any irregularities in the bind- 
ing and places the design and title on the book cover by hand or power 
presses, using dies for that purpose. 
Qualifications: He must know how to prepare the size for different kinds 
of leather, must know the principles of design and color harmony, draw- 
ing, sketching, and ink mixing ; and have a general knowledge of all of 
the processes of bookmaking. He must be able to " tool in " fine leather- 
covered books and be able to operate the stamping press and polisher. 
He must know how to apply gold leaf and how to handle the special hand 
tools. 
Schooling: High school. 

FINISHER, ELECTROTYPING FUR 

Description: The finisher locates the letters in the plates that are too low, 

replaces them with new letters, and corrects imperfections. 
Qualifications: He should have a thorough knowledge of molding and of 
the whole manufacture of the copper shell. He must be able to use the 
hammer and punch for the purpose of removing imperfections. He 
should have some knowledge of engraving and be able to trim letters out 
and insert new ones. He must understand proof readers' marks and 
be able to do routing and blocking. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 

FINISHER, ENGRAVING FRANK 

Description: The finisher levels up the engraving, cutting away by hand 
such portions as the router can not reach with his machine, corrects small 
defects in the finished half tone or etching, and outlines the plates for 
the router to cut by. 
Qualifications: He should have a thorough knowledge of hand engraving 
on copper and zinc, be able to do burnishing, and know the best methods 
of correcting defects in half tones and zinc etchings. He should know 
the principles of design and have dexterity in handling engravers' tools. 
He should have good eyesight. 
Schooling: Common school; special courses in free-hand drawing. 

FOLDER, HAND, BOOK FRISK 

Description: The hand folder folds the printed sheets so that the pages 
will be in consecutive order and in such manner that the printing will 
register. 

Qualifications : She must exercise care to see that the margins of the differ 
ent leaves are equal and that the lines of printing are at correct angles 
to the back of the book. Women are usually employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 

FOLDING- MACHINE FEEDER FROCK 

Description: The folding-machine feeder feeds the printed sheets into the 
folding machine, where they are folded into sections. . 

Qualifications: She must be able to feed the sheets into the machine evenly 
and rapidly. She must have good eyesight. Women are usually employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 35 

FOLDING-MACHINE OPERATOR PROTH 

Description: The folding-machine operator operates the folding machinery 
used in the bindery. 

Qualifications : He must know how to operate and set for the different sized 
sheets and how to control the feeds and speeds and be able to oil the 
machine. He should have a knowledge of imposition. 

Schooling: Common school. 

FOREMAN, BOOKBINDER FRY 

Description: The duties of the foreman bookbinder are the supervision of 
the making up, sewing, stitching, and binding, or covering of pamphlets 
and books of all kinds. 

Qualifications: He must be an experienced general bookbinder, skilled in 
all phases of commercial or manufacturing bookbinding and able to fold, 
assemble, machine wire stitch or sew, lace with cord or tape, line up, 
glue on backs, and cover with paper, cloth, or leather. He must be able 
to bind and cover pamphlets, books, and charts with board or flexible 
backs ; also documents for temporary use or more substantially for office 
or field use, made up with hollow, flexible, or stiff backs. He must be 
familiar with the machinery of the trade, such as folding machinery, 
backers, cutting machines, wire stitchers, perforating and punching 
machinery, sewing frames, presses, glue pots, and the various hand tools. 
He should have a knowledge of title embossing, tooling, and of all ma- 
terials used in bookbinding. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably technical high school. 

FOREMAN, ELECTROTYPING FAD 

Description: The foreman electrotyper has supervision of the entire 

process of electrotype making. 
Qualifications : He must have a working knowledge of all of the operations 

in the shop and be able to operate the dynamo, do finishing, molding, and 

casting. He should have ability to handle men. 
Schooling: Preferably technical high school. 

FOREMAN, ENGRAVING FUEL 

Description: The foreman engraver has general oversight of all engrav- 
ing operations. 
Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the photo-engraving 
processes, of color and tone values, and of the chemicals used in photo- 
engraving. He should have good eyesight and should have ability to 
handle men. 
Schooling: High school. 

FOREMAN, MACHINE COMPOSITION FULL 

Description: The foreman of machine composition has the general oversight 

of the monotype and linotype machine room. 
Qualifications: He must have a knowledge of type composition, of type 
faces, and of the metals used in machine composition. He must know the 
name, care, and use of the principal parts Of the machines and be able to 
make all minor adjustments and repairs. He must be able to direct the 
work of operators and repair men. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 



36 PRINTING TRADES 

FOREMAN, PRESS ROOM FUME 

Description: The foreman of a press room has the general overseeing of all 
work done in the press room. He is also responsible for the color match- 
ing, make-ready, stock, etc. 
Qualifications: He must have executive ability, have a thorough knowl- 
edge of mechanics and of the operation of all makes of flat-bed and rotary 
presses and automatic feeders used in general printing. He must have 
an accurate color sense, skill in judging work, and have a working 
knowledge of printing inks and paper. He should have a knowledge of 
imposition and registering. 
Schooling: Preferably high school. 

FORWARDER, BOOK FUND 

Description: The forwarder pastes on the first and last pages inside the 
book cover, trims the edges of the book with a cutting machine, rounds 
the back, and pastes on the cover. 

Qualifications: He must know how to adjust and use the paper-cutting 
machine, how to handle the hammer in rounding and backing, and how 
to operate the roller backing machine. He must know the proper method 
of lining up, putting in head bands, and putting on the cover. He should 
have a knowledge of the composition of pastes and glues and of the 
qualities of book papers and cloths. He must have dexterity in handling 
the special tools, in operating the machines, and in pasting and gluing. 

Schooling: Common school. 
GATHERER, BOOK GNASH 

Description: The gatherer collects the folded sections in regular order until 
the book is completed. 

Qualifications: She must be a rapid worker with good eyesight, care being 
necessary to gather the sections in the proper order. Women are em- 
ployed. 

Schooling: Common school. 
GENERAL WORKER, BINDERY GNAT 

Description: The general worker in a bindery does such work as gilding, 
padding, tipping, operating the numbering, perforating, punching, and 
stapling machines, etc. 

Qualifications: He must be a quick and active worker and have skill in 
handling sheets and signatures rapidly. 

Schooling: Common school. 

Note. — If a worker is desired who can operate a particular type of machine, the 
name of the machine should be added to the code word for "general worker, 
bindery." 
IMPOSER. (See Stoneman.) 
LINOTYPE OPERATOR LINER 

Description: The linotype operator sets body-type matter and small dis- 
play lines, places the cast slugs on the galley, and makes corrections by 
resetting the lines containing errors. 

Qualifications: He must be able to keep the machine adjusted properly and 
to make minor repairs. He should be a quick thinker and be able to 
operate the keyboard with speed and accuracy. He must be able to con- 
centrate his mind on the copy and still carry the measurements of the 
line he is setting so as to obtain correct spacing. He should have a 
"thorough knowledge of spelling, punctuation, division of words, and para- 
graphing. He should have good eyesight. 

Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 37 

MACHINIST, LINOTYPE AND MONOTYPE MOP 

Description: The linotype and monotype machinist keeps all machines in 

good running order and makes all necessary repairs and adjustments. 
Qualifications: He must be an experienced machine fitter, able to remove 

and replace any part of the machine, and must be thoroughly familiar 

with the operation and mechanics of a linotype and monotype machine. 

He should have had an equivalent to an apprenticeship. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably technical or trade school. 

MAKER-TTP MOPE 

Description: The duties of the maker-up are to make up the pages to the 

proper length, inserting cuts, folios, and chapter and running heads. 
Qualifications : He must be quick in handling type and be familiar with 

composition, type faces and sizes, and should have some knowledge of 

presswork, electrotyping, and stereotyping. 
Schooling: Common school. 

MARBLER MOTH 

Description: The marbler decorates the edges or covers of books by dip- 
ping them into a solution which has been prepared by mixing different 
colored liquids into a marbled effect. 
Qualifications : He must have a thorough knowledge of the proper amounts 
of hog gum and gum tragacanth to use. He must know how to thin his 
colors properly. He should know how to develop, create, and copy de- 
signs. 
Schooling: Common school. 

MOLDER, ELECTROTYPING MOTOR 

Description: The molder prepares the form and case, coating them with 

plumbago and pouring on the wax or mixture of wax and ozocerite. 
Qualifications: He must be able to mix and prepare the wax and ozocerite 
and know the proper temperature at whfch to maintain the wax. He 
must be able to cut down the mold and build up the mold after it has been 
cut down. He should understand the mechanism of the hydraulic press 
and be able to judge the proper depth of the mold. 
Schooling: Common school. 

MONOTYPE OPERATOR MOSS 

Description: The monotype operator manipulates the keyboard of a mono- 
type machine for the purpose of making the perforated sheet that con- 
trols the type-casting machine. 
Qualifications: He should have a knowledge of spelling, punctuation, the 
division of words, and paragraphing.. He should have an accurate 
knowledge of the spacing principles under which the machine fills a line 
with type. He should be able to make all necessary adjustments in put- 
ting in and taking out the perforated paper. 
Schooling: High school or its equivalent. 

OPERATOR, ENGRAVING. (See Photographer, engraving.) 



38 PRINTING TRADES 

PHOTOGRAPHER, ENGRAVING PROXY 

Description: The photographer takes pictures, by the aid of a special cam- 
era, of all engraving subjects, for both zinc and copper etching. 
Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of photography and 
be able to do developing, intensifying, and fixing negatives. He must 
be able to mix the chemicals used in developing the negatives ; be able 
to take the proper care of cameras, lenses, and halftone screens; and 
should have a knowledge of chemistry. 
Schooling: High school 

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHER PRUNE 

Description: The photolithographer reproduces the designs on the stones 

or plates by the photographic process. 
Qualifications: He must be able to do photopriuting and be familiar with 
wet plate methods. He must be an expert in both line and halftone 
negatives besides positives and enlargements. He should be familiar 
with the chemical formulas, etc., necessary to get the proper results. 
Schooling: High school. 

PLATE GRAINER PRY 

Description: The grainer grains or polishes the stone or plate to the re- 
quired depth and sharpness indicated by the pressman or artist. 

Qualifications: He must be able to remove the old work from plates 
which have been run and to regrain them. He must be able to use the 
grainers' tools. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PLATE PRINTER PUFF 

Description: The plate printer makes ready the engraved plate and prints 

the engraving on cards or paper. 
Qualifications: He must be able to make ready forms quickly and accu- 
rately, must understand the operation of the plate printing press, and be 
able to regulate the amount of pressure and ink required. He must be 
careful and accurate and be able to handle all materials without smear- 
ing. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PRESS FEEDER, CYLINDER PUFFY 

Description: The cylinder press feeder feeds the paper into the press, 
assists the pressman to make ready, puts on tympans, adjusts rollers, 
and puts on lifts. 
Qualifications: He must have a general knowledge of cylinder presses and 
automatic feeders. He must have ability to feed steadily and to a cor- 
rect register. He must be able to oil and clean the press and,make all 
minor adjustments. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PRESS FEEDER, EITHER PLATEN OR CYLINDER PULL 

Description: The press feeder feeds the sheets of paper into the press. 
Qualifications: He rmast be a careful worker and be able to feed the 
sheets into the press (either platen or cylinder) so that they will all 
register uniformly perfect in any number of colors. He must be able^ 
to clean and oil the press and make all minor adjustments. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 39 

PRESS FEEDER, LITHOGRAPHIC PUNY 

Description: The lithographic press feeder feeds the sheets into the litho- 
graphic press and assists the pressman. 

Qualifications: He must have ability to feed steadily and correctly. He 
must be able to oil and clean the press and make all minor adjustments. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PRESS FEEDER, PLATEN PACKER 

Description: The platen press feeder feeds the paper into the presses, jogs 
the stock, and generally assists the pressman. 

Qualifications: He must have a general knowledge of mechanics and of 
the operation of platen presses. He must have skill in feeding and jog- 
ging the sheets. He should be able to oil and clean the press and make 
all minor adjustments. Men and women are employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PRESSMAN, CYLINDER PADDLE 

Description: The duties of the cylinder pressman are to take charge of 
one or more cylinder presses, the making ready of forms, matching 
colors, and the proper mixing and distribution of ink. 

Qualifications : He must be able to make ready all kinds of forms for black 
or colors from type forms, electrotypes, or stereotypes. He must be able 
to mix colors and must have a fine color sense. He must be able to handle 
the paper so as to avoid soiling and tearing. He must have a thorough 
knowledge of the operation of automatic printing machinery, know the 
name, care, and use of the principal parts, and be able to make all minor 
repairs or adjustments. He must have executive ability and be physi- 
cally fit. 

Schooling: Common school. 

PRESSMAN, LITHOGRAPHIC PALACE 

Description: The duties of the pressman on a lithographic press are to 
print from the plate as it comes from the transferrer and match the 
proof copy as closely as possible. 
Qualifications: He must have a knowledge of the color scale and be able 
to hold an edition uniform throughout, avoiding thickening up or going 
light, and be able to mix his colors to such a consistency that they will not 
offset when handling. He must have sufficient chemical knowledge to 
mix his colors in multicolor work in such manner as to have them all 
dry and yet have the lifting quality necessary for each printing as it 
follows. He must be able to differentiate between a transfer plate and a 
direct press plate by the use of acid and ink. He must be able to keep 
the rollers in good condition and to make all adjustments to the press. 
Schooling: High school. 

PRESSMAN, PLATEN - PALM 

Description: The pressman on a platen printing press operates such 

presses on general printing work. 
Qualifications: He must be experienced in the operation of the various job 
printing presses and be able to print any class of work. He should have 
some knowledge of register, imposition, paper, and make ready. 
Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 



40 PRINTING TRADES 

PRESSMAN, ROTARY LITHOGRAPHIC PALING 

Description: The pressman on a lithographic press does general printing, 
both black and in colors. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the various types of lithographic 
presses and be able to keep them in good running order. He must be 
able to handle all kinds of lithographic plates, and be able to set up and 
adjust, so as to insure an accurate register. He must be able to mix 
inks for the desired color effects and must understand the handling of 
paper and the care of plates. 

Schooling: High school. 

PRESSMAN, WEB" PALLOR 

Description: The duties of the web pressman are to register and make 

ready curved plates on presses, adjust the presses, set ink fountains, and 

adjust the paper rolls. 
Qualifications: He must have a knowledge of the mechanics and operation 

of web presses, and must know how to register and make ready in one 

or more colors. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PRESSMAN, WEB, ASSISTANT PALTRY 

Description: The assistant web pressman aids the pressman in oiling 

presses, adjusting and washing rollers, putting on the paper rolls, and 

putting on the curved plates. 
Qualifications: He must have physical strength and a general knowledge 

of web presses and their operation. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PRINTER, GENERAL PAMPER 

Description: The general printer does job and commercial printing, in- 
cluding hand composition and press work. 
Qualifications: He must be an all-round compositor, able to do hand com- 
position, to make up standard forms, and do job and commercial print- 
ing of any kind. He must be able to set up and print special forms, 
blanks, and reports, such as would be required for a large factory. 
Schooling: Common school ; preferably high school. 

PROOPER, LITHOGRAPHIC POKER 

Description: The proofer tests the correctness of the drawings on the 
stone or plate by pulling a proof in the colors in which they are to be 
printed. 

Qualifications: He must be an expert color mixer and have a good general 
knowledge of all lithographic processes. 

Schooling: High school. 

PROOPER, PHOTO-ENGRAVING PONE 

Description: The proofer makes proofs of all engravings before delivery 

or printing. 
Qualifications: He should be able to operate a hand proof press, do make- 
ready, and provide for the proper registry of different colors. He should 
be able to mix and match colors and should have a general knowledge of 
the printing effect of ink on the various paper finishes. 
Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 41 

PROOF READER PAGE 

Description: The proof reader compares the proof with the original copy 
for the purpose of marking all inaccuracies, either typographical or me- 
chanical, on the proof sheet. 
Qualifications: He should be unusually well versed in grammar, spelling, 
punctuation, capitalization, usage, and other essentials of a thorough 
knowledge of English, and must understand the use of the proof-readers' 
marks. Besides having a general knowledge of the various processes 
used in printing, he should be informed in respect to the operations in 
the various printing departments. An elementary knowledge of Latin 
and Greek is helpful. 
Schooling: High school. 

REETCHER RIVET 

Description: The reetcher gives the proper values to different tones in 
halftone plates by the process of etching with a solution of iron chloride. 

Qualifications: He must have a thorough knowledge of the preparation of 
the copper plates for etching; of the preparation for and the making of 
the print on the sensitized metal surface ; of the preparation of the chemi- 
cals for etching ; and of the process of etching. It is desirable that he be 
an expert in color and in color values, and that he have a general knowl- 
edge of photography. He should be able to operate an etching machine. 

Schooling: High school; special courses in freehand drawing. 

REPAIRMAN, LINOTYPE AND MONOTYPE. (See Machinist, linotype and 
monotype.) 

REVISER. (See Proof reader.) 

ROUTER AND BLOCKER, PHOTO-ENGRAVING REEF 

Description: The router and blocker operates the routing machine for the 
purpose of cutting away, or routing out, certain portions of the face of 
an etching so as to leave the portions ready for printing. He also does 
mortising and beveling of plates and mounting of the finished plates on 
the blocks. 
Qualifications: He must know how to manipulate the router, be skillful in 
cutting to outline, must know what parts of the plate to remove, and 
should be able to sharpen and set all routing tools and make all ad- 
justments for sizing, beveling, and mortising plates. He should be able 
to do hand engraving. 
Schooling: Common school; special courses in freehand drawing. 

RULER REEK 

Description: The ruler operates a ruling machine, ruling ink lines on all 
kinds of book and bookkeeping forms. 

Qualifications: He must be able to feed the sheets of paper evenly so that 
the lines will be made correctly, and he must be able to make all ad- 
justments of the ruling devices on the machine. He should have a gen- 
eral knowledge of the different commercial forms and have good eyesight. 
He should know the different kinds of ruling powders and know how to 
prepare them for use. 

Schooling: Common school. 



42 PRINTING TRADES 

SEWER, BOOK STILT 

Description: The machine book sewer in a bindery feeds the sections of the 

book into the machine for sewing. The hand sewer performs the same 

work by hand. 
Qualifications : She must be able to operate the machine and make all 

minor adjustments. She should be able to tell when the machine is not 

working properly. She must be quick and active. Women are usually 

employed. 
Schooling: Common school. 

STEREOTYPER STING 

Description: The stereotyper makes stereotype plates by preparing the 
matrix — beating the prepared sheet into the form with a stiff brush or 
forcing the material into the form by means of a power roller, drying it 
in the drying press, and trimming the edges — and pouring on the molten 
metal. 
Qualifications : He must understand the preparation of mats, how to " beat 
in " in forming matrices, the proper length of time to " cook," proper tem- 
perature of the type metal for casting, and how to prepare the matrix 
and casting box for casting. He must have skill in handling the " beat- 
ing-in " brush and in handling and pouring hot metal. He must be 
physically fit and able to work in very high temperatures. 
Schooling: Common school. 

STITCHER, WIRE STINT 

Description: The wire stitcher operates the stitching machine, feeding in 

the pamphlets or books to be stitched. ' 

Qualifications: He should be able to feed the pamphlets or books into the 
machine rapidly and accurately, to determine when the machine is work- 
ing properly, and to make all minor adjustments, such as setting the 
machine for different sized wires. 
Schooling: Common school. 

STONEMAN STIR 

Description: The stoneman places the pages of type in a steel frame, 

known as a " chase," and fastens them into place with furniture and 

quoins. Before locking the form he evens it down with a mallet and 

planer. 

Qualifications: He should be able to impose forms so as to get a perfect 

register when the printed page is folded, understand how and where to 

place the type in the chase, and what size and quantity of furniture is 

needed. In book work he must know where gripper edges, binder edges, 

and margins come. Where the job to be printed contains a number of 

pages he must be able to arrange the pages in the chase so that when 

printed they will fold in consecutive order and so that one page will 

print exactly on the back of the next page, or in other words, be " in 

register." A knowledge of composition is essential. 

Schooling: Common school. 



PRINTING TRADES 43 

STRIPPER, AND PRINTER, PHOTO-ENGRAVING STOKE 

Description: The stripper and printer strips the films from the wet plate 
negatives, after they have been developed, for the purpose of making com- 
bination plates, cementing the developed film or negative to a glass plate 
after it has been stripped from the original plate. 
Qualifications: He should have a knowledge of photography and chemistry 
as applied to photo-engraving and be able to strip the film from the 
plate without injury. He must have good eyesight. 
Schooling: Common school. 

TRANSFERRER TURN 

Description: The transferrer makes duplicates of an original plate. 
Qualifications: He must be able to make the duplicates uniform and of 
such a nature as to hold in a prolonged run on the press. He must be 
able to make the solutions used and to coat his transfer paper before 
using. He must be able to make offsets, set-ins on plate, reverse trans- 
fers, and to mix his own etching solutions. 
Schooling: High school. 

TRIMMER, BOOK TUSK 

Description: The book trimmer trims the edges of catalogues, books, etc. 
Qualifications: He must be a careful worker, seeing that the book is in- 
serted into the press evenly so that it may be cut smoothly. He must 
have a thorough knowledge of the operation of the standard makes of 
cutting machines and have a general knowledge of the various processes 
of binding. He should be able to oil the parts of his machine, be able to 
adjust and grind the cutting knives, and understand the use of the gauge. 
Schooling: Common school. 



RUBBER GOODS 

BEAD PRESSES, BEAD 

Description: The bead presser places the beads into the molds and cures them 

in the presses. 
Qualifications : He must be able to operate a hydraulic press used in curing the 

beads and must know how long it takes to cure them. This work requires care 

in placing the beads into the molds properly. 

BEAD SPLICER BEAK 

Description : The bead splicer takes strips of beads, places the ends together, and 

wraps them with a rubberized tape. 
Qualifications: This is light work and women are employed. They must be 

quick and active. 

BEAD-WRAPPING MACHINE OPERATOR BEAT 

Description: The bead-wrapping machine operator has charge of the entire bead- 
wrapping operation. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the wrapping machine and supervise 
the work of helpers. He must know when a machine is not working properly. 

BIAS-CUTTING MACHINE OPERATOR BEEF 

Description : The bias-cutting machine operator, with the aid of his helper, places 
heavy rolls of rubberized fabric into the machine and operates the machine 
for cutting the fabric into proper widths and lengths. 

Qualifications : He must be able to set the knives and must be able to make and 
maintain all machine adjustments. This work is not heavy. 

BOOT AND LUMBERMAN MAKER BLISS 

Description: The boot and lumberman maker assembles the stock and makes the 

finished article on which he is working. 
Qualifications : This work is done by hand and requires an experienced man. 

He must be familiar with the various styles of rubber footwear, know how to 

assemble the stock on lasts, and how to finish the article. 
Schooling: Common school. 

CALENDER HAND, RUBBER GOODS CANDOR 

Description : The calender operator is charged with the efficient operation of the 
calender machine, which rubberizes the fabric for tires, tubes, footwear, coats, 
etc. 

Qualifications: He should have a thorough knowledge of the calender machine 
and must be able to make all machine adjustments and minor repairs. He 
must exercise care to see that the rubber is evenly distributed over the cloth. 
He must have ability to handle a small group of helpers. He should have had 
experience as a helper and considerable experience as an independent worker. 

CLOTH WRAPPER, TUBE CANTER 

Description: The cloth wrapper places the poles into position on the machine. 

As the poles come from the straight jacketers he wraps them with a narrow 

strip of cloth before they are placed in the heaters for curing. 
Qualifications: He must be able to run the machinery used in wrapping the 

cloth around the poles and must see that the cloth is evenly wrapped. Thia is 

wet work and men are required to lift the iron poles. 

44 



RUBBER GOODS 45 

COAT MAKER, RUBBER CARPET 

Description: The coat maker makes coats, aprons, covers, ponchos, slickers, etc., 
out of rubber or rubberized cloth. 

Qualifications : He must be skillful in the use of the cutting tools required and 
be able to cut the fabric according to pattern and with the least waste of mate- 
rial. He must be able to cement the parts together evenly. 

Schooling: Common school. 

CONVEYOR OPERATOR CANVAS 

Description: The conveyor operator runs the conveyor belts in the pressroom 

for carrying tires to and from the hydraulic presses. 
Qualifications : He must know how to operate the various devices on his machine 

and must know when his machine is not working properly. He must be quick 

and alert and know which set of belts to keep running. 

CORD POCKET BUILDER CAPPER 

Description : The cord pocket builder tears the fabric to proper length and builds 

up the plies on a drum to the proper number. 
Qualifications: She must be a rapid worker and be able to use a cutting knife 

or shears. She must have good eyesight. Women are usually employed. 

CUTTER, RUBBER GOODS CARROT 

Description: The cutter cuts the fabrics according to a given pattern. 
Qualifications : He must be able to so place his pattern as to secure the maximum 
of parts with the minimum of waste. He must have a steady hand and have 
skill in the use of the cutting tools. 
Schooling : Common school. 
Note. — In specifying a cutter the kind of material which he is expected to cut 
should be added to the code word for "cutter." 

DUCK DRIER OPERATOR DILL 

Description: The duck drier operator runs the machine which dries the fabric. 
Qualifications : He must be able to operate the machine and to see that it works 
properly. After the duck has been properly dried he weighs it. 

FLAP CURER. (See Flap presser.) 

FLAP PRESSER FORCE 

Description: The flap presser places the flaps into the molds, puts them into 

the hydraulic press, and cures the flaps. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the hydraulic press and know how 

long it takes to cure the flaps. This work requires care in placing the flaps 

into the molds. 

FOREMAN, ASSISTANT, RUBBER GOODS FROG 

Description: The assistant foreman works under the direction of the foreman 
and aids him in the operation, maintenance, and efficient working of a depart- 
ment. 

Qualifications: He should thoroughly understand all the materials used, and 
have had sufficient experience in the department to be able to help the fore- 
man in the placing of stock orders, the distribution of stock, and the assign- 
ment of work. He should have executive ability sufficient to handle the 
workers under him. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 
Note. — In specifying an assistant foreman the name of the department for which 
he is wanted should be added to the code word for "foreman, assistant." 



46 RUBBER GOODS 

FOREMAN, RUBBER GOODS FORD 

Description: The foreman supervises the operation, maintenance, and efficient 
working of a department. 

Qualifications: He should thoroughly understand all the materials used, and 
know how to place stock orders, distribute the stock among the workmen, 
and assign the work. He should be able to keep records of the materials used 
and the amount of production. He should have executive ability sufficient to 
handle the workers under him. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 
Note.— In specifying a foreman the name of the department for which he is wanted 
should be added to the code word for "foreman." 

GENERAL WORKER, FEMALE, RUBBER GOODS GLOVE 

As follows: Arctic polly wagger; Beader; Booker; Bow attacher; Bow maker; Buckle 
maker; Buckler; Carton girl; Caser; Cementer; Corder; Counter; Coverer; Creaser; Cut- 
ter, ends; Dyer; Hand sewer; Lacer; Layer out; Lister; Mater; Odd ticket girl; 
Packer; Sample girl; Seam presser; Sewer; Stamper; Stayer; Stock girl; Strap maker; 
Toe-lining joiner; Trimmer; Utility girl. 

Description : The general worker, female, does such work as is indicated by the 
occupational names shown above or other work in a rubber goods plant that 
does not require a long period of training. 
Qualifications : Good health and average ability. 
Note. — In specifying a worker from this group use the code word for "general 
worker, female." If a worker is wanted with experience in any particular operation 
add the name of the occupation to the code word (glove) above. 

GENERAL WORKER, MALE, RUBBER GOODS GLOW 

As follows: Brusher; Buckler; Buttoner; Cementer; Checker; Cobb ling-machine 
operator; Compressor operator; Cord cutter; Cord doubler; Cord maker; Counter; 
Eyelet maker; Form maker; Foxer; Heel painter; Hemmer; Joiner; Knee patch er; 
Lacer; Layer, boot vamps and forms; Layer out; Loop maker; Marker; Odd-piece boy; 
Odd-ticket boy; Pattern-rack boy; Polisher; Power edger; Puncher; Riveter; Rotary 
cutter man; Sewing-machine operator; Sorter; Stamper (die); Stock boy; Stock layer; 
Stock maker; Strap maker; Talcer; Trimmer; Winder. 

Description: The general worker, male, does such work as is indicated by the 
occupational names shown above or other work in a rubber-goods plant that 
requires some skill but does not require a long period of training nor great 
strength. 
Qualifications: Good health and average ability. 
Note. — In specifying a worker from this group use the code word for "general 
worker, male." If a worker is wanted with experience in any particular operation, 
add the name of the occupation to the code word (glow) above. 

HEATER TENDER HAVOC 

Description: The heater tender operates the heater in which the tires are cured 
or vulcanized. 

Qualifications: He must be able to read steam gauges and thermometers and 
to turn the steam on and off as the cures require. 
HOSE MAKER, LARGE HAWK 

Description: This hose maker makes a complete large rubber hose. 

Qualifications: He must be able to select the proper rod or form, place it upon 
the sheet of fabric, butt the edges together, and put on the rubberized duck cover- 
ings and final outer coat of rubber evenly. He must understand the wrapping 
of the finished hose for the vulcanizing press and the stripping of the hose 
after vulcanizing. 

Schooling: Common school. 



EUBBER GOODS 47 

HOSE MAKER, SMALL HAY 

Description: This hose maker makes a complete small rubber hose. 
Qualifications: He must be able to blow on, cement, roll on, wrap for vulcan- 
izing, vulcanize, and strip off the hose. 
Schooling: Common school. 

INSPECTOR, RUBBER GOODS IGNITE 

Description : The inspector examines the goods for imperfections, damages, other 

defects, and mismatings, noting and marking all defects. 
Qualifications : He must be familiar with the stock that he is inspecting and be 
able to locate the defects and incorrect matings rapidly and accurately. He 
should have had experience as a packer. 
Schooling: Common school. 
Note. — In specifying an inspector, the name of the particular class of material 
that he is to inspect should be added to the code word for "inspector." 

LABORER, RUBBER GOODS LOBBY 

As follows: Acid curer; Blaster; Blower; Carrier; Chute man; Conveyor man; Floor 
man; General utility man; Grinding and pounding machine operator; Helper; Last 
man; Loader; Machine nailer; Nailer; Packer; Painter, tennis; Picker; Platform man; 
Rack man; Scrap baler; Scrap carrier; Scrap picker; Stripper; Sweeper; Trucker; 
Varnisher; White washer; Other unskilled workers. 

Description: The laborer does such work as is indicated by the occupational 
names shown above or other work in a rubber goods plant that requires strength 
but does not require skill nor a long period of training. 
Qualifications: The work of the laborer requires strength rather than skill or 
experience. The necessary experience can be acquired in a short time. 
Note. — In specifying a worker from this group use the code word for "laborer." 
If a worker is desired who has had experience in any particular operation, add the 
name of the operation to the code word for "laborer." 

MIXER, RUBBER MOUTH 

Description: The rubber mixer operates the mill which mixes the rubber and 

compound preparatory to calendering. 
Qualifications: He must know how to operate the mixing machine and know 

how long it takes to mix the rubber properly. He must be strong and fairly 

active. 

MOLDER, RUBBER GOODS MORAL 

Description: The molder places the raw stock into the mold and places the mold 

between the plates of a hydraulic press. 
Qualifications: He must be able to tell when the goods have been properly 

"cured." He must have considerable strength and be able to endure high 

temperatures. 
Schooling: Common school. 

PATTERN MAE32R, RUBBER GOODS PULP 

Description: The pattern maker makes the patterns for boots, gaiters, arctics, 
lumbermen, and other rubber footwear. 

Qualifications : He must have a technical knowledge of the processes of rubber- 
footwear construction. He must be able to fit all kinds of 6tock to the lasts 
and know how all kinds of rubber footwear are made. He must be able to 
design patterns for new styles. 

Schooling: Common school; preferably high school. 

PIT MAN. (See Press operator, rubber tires.) 



48 RUBBER GOODS 

PNEUMATIC TIRE FINISHER. (See Tire finisher.) 

PRESS OPERATOR, RUBBER TERES PROP 

Description: The press operator is charged with the operation of the hydraulic 

press in which the tire is cured or vulcanized. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the hydraulic press and know how 

long it takes to cure the tire properly. 

REPAIR MAN, TERE BLEMISH RIGHT 

Description: The repair man repairs, by vulcanizing, all the minor defects that 

occur in the processes of manufacturing a rubber tire. 
Qualifications : He must be a practical vulcanizer, experienced in the repair of 

all kinds of pneumatic, fabric, cord tires, inner tubes, and solid tires. He 

must be able to put on patches, and must be thoroughly familiar with the 

various methods of commercial vulcanizing. 

REROLLING AND TRIMMING MACHINE OPERATOR RIGID 

Description: The rerolling and trimming machine operator places the heavy 
rolls of rubberized fabric in the machine and operates the machine for trim- 
ming the edges of the stock and removing the wrinkles in the fabric. 

Qualifications: He must be able to set the knives on his machine and feed the 
fabric through the machine evenly. The work requires a strong and active 



RUBBER-BELT MAKER RIPEN 

Description: The rubber belt maker cuts the rubberized canvas to a specified 
width, folds it the proper number of times, and presses it in a heated hydraulic 
vulcanizing press. 

Qualifications: He must know the different styles of belts and be familiar with 
the various grades of stock. He must be able to operate the hydraulic press. 

Schooling: Common school. 

RUBBER WORKER, FEMALE RISKY 

Description: The worker in this group has acquired by training or experience 

the ability to carry out a certain type of work in the rubber industry. 
Qualifications : She should have a knowledge of certain processes in the industry; 
should be able to feed, operate, and adjust the machine on which she is working, 
and make any necessary calculations. 
Schooling: Common school. 
Note. — In specifying a worker in this group it will be necessary to use the code 
word indicating the particular type of work to be done, as given in the following list. 
If the code word for "rubber worker, female" is used, it is understood that the 
employer will give the necessary training for the particular occupation to which the 
new worker is assigned. 

BINDER BRAZE 

BUTTON SEWER BROKE 

CHECKER CANOPY 

CLOSER, FRONT CHERRY 

CLOSER ON CHEESE 

EYELETER ELAPSE 

FACER FRONT 



RUBBER GOODS 49 

FOLDER FROST 

HOOKER HIDE 

LAP SEAMER LITHE 

LASTER LOCAL 

OUTSOLER OTHER 

STITCHER STAVE 

STOCK-ROOM GIRL STLFF 

STRIP CUTTER STEM 

TOP MAKER TUNIS 

UPPERER UNIFY 

VAMPER VAMP 

VAMP MAKER VAPOR 

ZIGZAG STITCHER ZEBRA 

RUBBER WORKER, MALE RIVAL 

Description: The worker in this group haa acquired by training or experience 

the ability to carry out a certain type of work in the rubber industry. 
Qualifications : He should have a knowledge of certain processes in the industry, 

should be able to feed, operate, and adjust the machine on which he is working, 
and make any necessary calculations. 
Schooling: Common school. 
Note. — In specifying a worker in this group it will be necessary to use the code 

word indicating the particular type of work to be done, as given in the following list. 
If the code word for "rubber worker, male," is used, it is understood that the employer 
will give the necessary training for the particular occupation to which the new man 
is to be assigned. 

ARCTIC MAKER AMBER 

BENCH HAND BUSS 

BUFFER BYWAY 

BUTTONHOLE MAKER BULKY 

CASER OUT CHATTY 

CORDER AND STAYER CHOICE 

COVERER CENTER 

CRACKER MAN CHARGE 

FACER FRESH 

FEEDER, CALENDER FRDLL 

FEEDER, CUTTLNG AND CREASING MACHINE FROWN 

GAITER MAKER GLUM 

HEATER OPERATOR HAZE 



50 



RUBBER GOODS 



HEEL CUTTER, MACHINE 

LASTER 

LEGGER 

MILL MAN 

OUTSOLER 

PATCHER 

PLACER 

PRESSMAN, FLAT STOCK 

ROLLER 

SCRAP SORTER 

SKIVER 

STOCK COUNTER 

STOCK MAN 

TICKET MAN 

TOP MAKER 

TOPPER 

TURNER IN 

UTILITY MAN 

VAMPER 

WEIGHER 



HEART 

LOAM 

LIVED 

MOOSE 

OLIVE 

PULSE 

PUNCH 

PUMA 

RIGOR 

STAR 

STATE 

STILE 

STERN 

TUBER 

TUNNY 

TROVE 

TREPE 

UNTO 

VELLUM 

WHIM 



SHOEMAKER, RUBBER GOODS STAMP 

Description: The shoemaker makes complete tennis shoes, rubbers, or other 
light rubber footwear according to a pattern or model. 

Qualifications: He must be able to cut, assemble, and finish light rubber foot- 
wear. Women are usually employed. 

Schooling: Common school. 

Note. — In specifying a shoemaker add the name of the type or types of footwear 
which he is to make to the code word for "shoemaker." 

SOLE MAKER STAND 

Description: The sole maker lays out, prepares, and puts together the parts 

that make up the outsole. 
Qualifications: He must be able to assemble, cement, and otherwise lay out and 

prepare the parts that make up the outsole. 
Schooling: Common school. 

SPREADER START 

Description: The spreader coats the cloth fabric with a rubber compound to 
make it waterproof. 

Qualifications: He must know how to dissolve the rubber compound in the 
naphtha so as to obtain a thin, workable mass. He must know the proper 
number of times to run the cloth through in order to obtain the required 
thickness of rubber coating. He must have the judgment that comes from 
sufficient experience. This work requires a man who has physical strength 
and can endure high temperatures. 

Schooling: Common school. 



RUBBER GOODS 51 

STEEL ENGRAVER STEAM 

Description: The steel engraver engraves patterns on soft steel rolls. 

Qualifications: He must be a good free-hand drawer and should know how to 
use the special tools necessary for this work. He must have keen eyesight, 
a steady hand, and an artistic sense. He should have some knowledge of 
tool dressing. 

Schooling: Common school. 

STRAIGHT JACKETER, TUBE STAGE 

Description : The straight jacketer puts pieces of wet cloth around the iron pole, 
which has been previously covered with sheets of rubber by the tube rollers. 
Qualifications : This work requires a strong and rapid worker. 

STRIPPER, TIRE STAID 

Description: The tire stripper removes the tire from the metal core by means 

of a bar. 
Qualifications: The work is very heavy and requires a strong man. In stripping 

the tire from the core care must be used so that the tire will not be cut or 

otherwise damaged. 

SUPERVISOR, RUBBER GOODS STEP 

Description: The supervisor works under the general direction of the foreman 

and is in charge of an assigned group of workers or in charge of a certain process 

or processes. 
Qualifications: He must have acquired by experience or training the ability to 

supervise the work of a certain process or processes and must have the ability 

to handle a group of workers. 
Schooling: Common school. 

Note. — In specifying a supervisor, add the name of the process or processes for 
which he is wanted to the code word for "supervisor." 

TIRE BUILDER, AUTOMATIC MACHINE TRYST 

Description: The the builder on the automatic machine places the metal core 
on the machine and builds up the tire from rolls of rubberized fabric. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the tire-building machine and must 
be quick and active. 

TIKE BUILDER, CORD TUBE 

Description: The cord tire builder places the metal core on the machine and 
builds up the tire on the cord, stretching the fabric over the core; he also puts in 
the bead and trims off the overflow. 

Qualifications: He must be able to use the gauge to determine whether or not 
the fabric is on the core straight; must be skillful in the use of* the knife in 
trimming off the overflow. The work requires a strong worker who is active 
and has good eyesight. 

TIRE BUILDER, SQUARE-WOVEN THUS « TUDOR 

Description: The tire builder of a square-woven tire places the metal core on 

the machine and builds up the tire from rolls of rubberized fabric. 
Qualifications: He must be able to use the gauge to determine whether or not 
the fabric is on the core straight; must be skillful in the use of the knife in 
trimming off the overflow. The work requires a strong worker who is active 
and has good eyesight. 



52 . RUBBER GOODS 

TIRE FINISHER TUFT 

Description : The tire finisher puts the final strips oi rubber and tread on the 

carcass. 
Qualifications: He must be a rapid worker and be able to put the rubber on 

the carcass evenly and straight. Both men and women are employed in 

finishing clincher tires, as the work is lighter than that of the finisher on other 

kinds of tires. 

TIRE STRD7PER. {See Stripper, tire.) 

TUBE DUMPER TUNE 

Description : The tube dumper operates the compressed-air machine for removing 
the inner tubes from the poles after they have been unwrapped. 

Qualifications: He must be able to operate the compressed air mechanism used 
in taking tubes off the iron pipes, placing the nozzle of the compressed-air 
machine into the end of the pipe to blow the tube off of the pole. 

TUBE-MACHINE OPERATOR, BEAD MAKING TUNER 

Description : The tube machine operator places pieces of rubber into the machine, 

where they are cut up and turned into beads. 
Qualifications: He must be able to operate the machine and know when it is 

not working properly. 

TUBE ROLLER TUNIC 

Description: The tube roller takes sheets of rubber which have been cut to 
proper size and wraps them around the iron pipes or poles for the making of 
inner tubes. 

Qualifications: He must be skilled in the use of the gauge and be able to put 
sheets of rubber on the poles evenly. 

TUBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, HOSE TURF 

Description: The tubing-machine operator operates the machine which makes 

the tubing for rubber hose. 
Qualifications : He must know how to feed the raw stock into the machine and 

must know how to set the die and keep the machine hot so that the stock can 

be easily worked. 
Schooling: Common school. 

UNWRAPPER, TUBES UNDO 

Description : The unwrapper takes the poles as they come from the heater, places 
them on the machine, and operates the mechanism which unwraps the cloth 
strips from the poles. 

Qualifications : He must be able to operate the machine and must be strong. 

o 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




